
Glass PA 1 lp I 
BookIjp_ 






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GREEK TABLES; 



OH 



A METHOD OF TEACHING THE GREEK PARADIGM 

IN A MORE SIMPLE AND FUNDAMENTAL MANNER. 

By D. FRIEDRICH THIERSCH, 

HOI. IN THE LYCEUM, AND PRINCIPAL OF THE PHILOLOG. SEM. AT MUNICH- 
TO WHICH IS ADDED 

AN ESSAY ON THE DIALECTS, 

FROM .BUTTMANN'S GRAMMAR, 






TRANSLATED 

By R. B. PATTON, 

FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF LANGUAGES IN THE COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY. 



SECOND EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED 



NEW-YORK 5 

G. & C. & H. CARVILL, 
1830, 



^h 



>^ v 



^u 



Southern District of New-York, ss. 

BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the second day of February, A. D. 183a, and in the fifty- 
fourth year of the Independence of the United States of America, G. & C. & H. Carvill, of 
the said district, have deposited in this office the title of a book, the right whereof they claim 
as proprietors, in the words following, to wit : 

«' Greek Tables ; or a method of teaching the Greek Paradigm in a more simple and funda- 
mental manner. By D. Friedrich Thiersch, Prof, in the Lyceum, and Principal of the Philolog. 
Sem. at Munich. To which is added an Essay on the Dialects, from Buttmann's Grammar, 
Translated by R. B. Patton, formerly Professor of Languages in the College of New Jersey- 
Second Edition revised and enlarged." 

In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, entitled " An Act for the encour- 
agement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and pro- 
prietors of such copies, during the time therein mentioned;" and also to an act, entitled " An 
act, supplementary to an act, entitled, an Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing 
the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during 
the times therein mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, en- 
graving, and etching historical and other prints." 

FRED. J. BETTS, 
Clerk of the Southern District ofNew-Yorh 



N 16 /i« 



W. E. DEAN, PRINTER. 



ADVERTISEMENT 

TO THE 

FIRST EDITION OF THE TRANSLATION. 



The present translation originated in a sincere desire to excite 
and cherish, in the youth of our country, a thirst for more exten- 
sive investigation, in the subjects connected with the Greek Gram- 
mar and Literature. The author holds a distinguished rank in 
Germany, among those who have laboured so successfully, of 
late years, to facilitate the study of the Greek language. 

The original work was not designed by the Author to enter 
the lists with any Grammars in common use, and the same may be 
said of the translation. In Germany, the Original has been gene- 
Tally admitted into the Gymnasia, even where the Greek Grammar 
of the Author is not adopted for the purposes of elementary in- 
struction. And if the Translation can succeed in extending the 
views of our students beyond the range of mere grammatical 
forms, and the modes of instruction to which they have been ac- 
customed, and enable them to participate in the views and feel- 
ings of the scholars of a portion of Europe, so conspicuous for 
philological attainments, the translator will have reason greatly 
to rejoice, although the translation, as a translation, may not be 
approved. 

The Translator confesses himself of the number who value 
highly the philological works of the Germans, and who earnestly 
desire to see them circulated in our country ; to see the same spi- 
rit of laborious research and expansive inquiry infused into the bo- 
soms of our youth ; in order that we may avail ourselves of the 
advances made by others ; of their experience, habits, thoughts, 
and feelings ; and thus, be enabled to cope with them in future 
researches. 

The system developed in this work does not differ materially 



iy ADVERTISEMENT. 

from that of Buttmann. Thiersch has pursued the analysis a step 
or two further, with what success every one must decide for him- 
self. 

The Edition of the Tables, that of 1813, to which I had access, 
literally swarmed with errors of the press. So far as time would 
permit 1 have endeavoured to eradicate them, and not to commit 
new ones in correcting the old. It has been thought expedient al- 
so to render the Homeric Paradigms more complete, by some ad- 
ditions, principally from the second edition of the Grammar of 
the Author. These additions being merely from another work 
of the Author, it was not thought necessary to specify them par- 
ticularly. 

The Original was printed in tables, and in the folio form. The 
whole work is here reduced to a smaller size, which renders It 
more convenient and less expensive. On the dialects, we have 
preferred the small but comprehensive treatise of Buttmann. Mat- 
thiaB's account is somewhat confused, and probably, in a historical 
point of view, incorrect. Many assertions of Thiersch, on this 
head, are perhaps too gratuitous. Buttmann is always chaste and 
inductive. 

As to the translation itself, much might be said, as usual, on 
the crowd of German technics, and the unwieldy and refractory 
German sentences, which almost refuse to receive the English 
dress. But I forbear. To those who are acquainted with the 
German, and especially the German of the prefaces to this work, 
nothing need be said : to those who are riot, all that could be said 
would be in vain. 

I close with the hope, that those who have more time and abi- 
lity for such an employment, may endeavour, by means of transla- 
tions, to extend our acquaintance with the philological works of 
foreign nations, especially of Germany, and thus produce that uni- 
versal literary excitement, which eventually must secure to us the 
highest literary privileges, as well as establish our national pros- 
perity on the firmest basis. 



ADVERTISEMENT 



TO THE 



SECOND EDITION OF THE TRANSLATION. 



The " Greek Tables " by Thiersch have met with very general 
approbation in this country. This circumstance is the more gra- 
tifying to the Translator, because it was his wish that no special 
efforts should be made to bring the work into notice, or extend its 
use in our schools, in order that it might rest upon its own merits 
and not upon a forced patronage. In the present Edition, the 
translation has been revised, and some retrenchments and addi- 
tions have been made, which are not of sufficient importance to 
demand a particular enumeration. 

The use which the Translator has made of the System, in the 
lower classes of the Colleges with which he has been connected, 
has convinced him of its superior advantages above the common 
method. Those who have made themselves acquainted with both 
methods, have uniformly given the preference to that of Thiersch. 
And those teachers who have adopted it in their schools, have 
concurred in the opinion, that it greatly facilitates the acquisition 
of the forms of the Greek verb. 



PREFACE 



TO THE EDITION OF 1808. 



To be thoroughly grounded in the Greek Paradigm, it is not 
enough that the learner be able, immediately, or, at least, upon a 
little recollection, to analyse every form which presents itself, — for 
example, XsjcpSsiVav, to tell immediately what it is, and that the 
root contains Xsi#, Xs»/3, or Xsip. He must also be prepared, as in 
the Latin, without the labour of conjugating, to give, in its pro- 
per form, any mood, tense, and person, of any verb, at pleasure* 
Should the instructer, therefore, demand the 1. Aor. Mid. Opt. 
mood. 3 pers. Dual numb, of ^utfo'w, he must be able promptly 
to answer p^ixj'wa'outfSniv. 

Owing to the endless complication of the Greek Paradigm, 
this attainment has been deemed impossible for the beginner ; 
and so indeed it must be, if we consider the vast multitude of 
rules in our grammars, regarded as indispensable for the for- 
mation of as great a number of tenses. Every one, however, 
who will pursue the method here pointed out, in explaining the 
forms and in using the paradigm, will find it; I think, not only pos- 
sible, but, to the gratification of both teacher and learner, not even 
difficult. The paradigm must be reduced to its simple constituent 
parts, as is <lone in the following pages, and these parts united 
again under the inspection of the learner. Thus the different 
parts necessary for the formation of any mood, person, tense, &c. 
whatever, arrange themselves naturally in his memory ; and while 
the question <?f the instructer suggests first the mood, then the 
tense, and finely the person, the learner forms them immediately 
in the same or^er. Let ^urfwtfajtf^v, for instance, be requir- 
ed. First of all, the teacher referring him to the 1. Aor. Mid. he 
forms this tense from the root and termination, Jp^uoWaju/qv, ac- 
cording to the given rules. Secondly, the teacher referring him 



PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1808. 7 

to the Optative mood, he rejects the mutable parts s -ctfwjv so 

that -/guiSud remains, and introduces the characteristic vowel of 
the mood,* {on) e. g. x£ utfwtfa '- Finally, the teacher referring 
him to the 3 pers. Dual number, he knows that the Optative has, 
in this person, the termination peculiar to the Secondary tenses,f 
which is so familiar to him that in the present case he immediate- 
ly suggests tr&»jv, and will give the completed form xgutfwoW^v. 
Or let the Perf. Pass, of Xs'yw (ground-form 'ksksy,) and Infin, 
mood (termination tf^ai subjoined,) be required, and he answers, 

with little hesitation, XsXsytfSai XsXs'x^ai (§ 5. 3. and § 3. 

Note U) 

Experience has taught the author, that after the explanation 
of the paradigm, but little additional practice is necessary, in or- 
der to acquire suitable facility ; for such is the consistency and 
well grounded regularity of the Greek paradigm, that the begin- 
ner will very soon find himself at home. It is evident, however, 
that in order to obtain our end, besides the analysis of the para- 
digm into its constituent parts, wc must endeavour to simplify the 
various doctrines and rules concerning augments, shortening long 
syllables, &c. — especially concerning the formation of the tenses. 
How can we expect the beginner to give a person of some remote 
tense, — for example the 3 pers. Plur. numb. Aor. 1. Pass. In- 
dicat. mood, of irs/Aw, — if he is forced from the present into the 
1 Fut. Act., thence into the Perf. Act., thence into the Perf. Pass., 
then into the 3 pers. Sing, of the same, and thus finally arrives 
at the Aor. 1 Pass. ? The old method of forming, successively, 
one tense from another, which has been already in part aban- 
doned by others, is here entirely rejected, and the tenses, in ge* 



* (Modusvocal) Our language rather revolts at the unbounded liberty 
in the composition of words which the German enjoys. But the translator 
feels himself constrained to adopt, hereafter, for the sake of brevity, on the 
frequent recurrence of this phrase (Modiisvocal,) the literal but apposite ex- 
pression Mood-vowel. Vid. § 15. (7V.) 

t {Nebentempora) By Primary and Secondary tenses, used throughout this 
work to denote the Haupttempora and Nebentempora of the original, is meant 
no more than this, that, in respect to die form, {derform nach,) the primary 
tenses (Prses. Fut. Perf.) have each connected with them a secondary tense 
(Imperf. Aor. Plusqpf.) called by Buttmann historical lenses, (historischc tem 
pora) Ausfuhrliche Gramm. § 81. (Tr.) 



8 PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 180& 

neral, derived immediately from the Prses., or rather, together 
with the Praes., from the common root. Any doubts on this head 
will, it is hoped, be entirely dissipated by a nearer examination 
of the paradigm. 

If we now demand of the learner, thus initiated, the above 
mentioned Aor. 1. Pass. Ind. Mood, Plur. numb. 3 pers. he will 
immediately to its ground-form stsfc annex the personal termina- 
tion Srjtfav ; but, being accustomed to change <r before another r. 
into <f, (§ 4. 5. Note 2.) he will suggest without hesitation, itfeid*. 

This may serve to explain the mode of proceeding in question- 
ing the learner concerning the tenses. The advantage, however, 
of this method, in recognizing and developing the forms which oc- 
cur in reading, as well as in promoting a rapid progress and a ge- 
nerous freedom in the language, is very evident. Whoever will 
acquaint himself with the forms by mere effort of memory, never 
obtains a sure possession of them. Rigid method, so requisite in 
most cases, is here in a special manner necessary, and only what 
we learn methodically can take root and thrive. The committing 
the paradigm to memory, which is still necessary for acquiring 
facility in the use of the forms, proceeds with greater ease and 
accuracy if the whole is grounded on a system of derivation or 
formation which presents itself at every step. The arrangement 
of the whole, however, (which in the introductory part must de- 
scend to a consideration of even the letters or elementary parts 
of words,) is worthy of attention and of careful consideration 
from those who are employed in the business of instruction. The 
author trusts that he may be indulged in making such a sugges- 
tion, if, without neglecting the most recent investigations of Gram- 
marians, he has been fortunate enough to simplify the doctrine of 
the Greek forms, and bring it out of its former confused state, 
but still without adopting the arbitrary principles of Lennep and' 
others. 



PREFACE 



TO THE EDITION OF X80& 



The " Greek Tables " have met with a more favourable recep- 
tion than I had ventured to anticipate. When that which is sanc- 
tioned by custom is attacked, although without noise or arrogance, 
the opposition of those is awakened who are unable or unwilling 
to comprehend what is new. What is old and customary is be- 
come, from long use, both familiar and dear to them. In giving 
shape, however, to a mass hitherto only partially reduced to or- 
der, many things were necessarily arranged otherwise than in the 
common method. Hence some might easily fail of the desired 
success, and thus afford occasion to the captious of expressing 
their chagrin* 

Contrary to my expectations the method here proposed was 
placed, by the Gottingen Gelehrte Anzeigen No. 45. 1 808, unmo, 
lested, by the side of earlier attempts, and the issue awaited. By 
the New Leipsic Literatur Zeitung No. 117. 1808, it was receiv- 
ed as to its distinguishing features, and the old system of deduc- 
tion rejected. By the Jena Allgemeine Lit. Zeit. No. 192. 1808, 
it was received without any limitation or modification, " because 
thereby life is restored to a mass heretofore dead, and the rich de- 
sign manifest in this systematic language is clearly demonstrated, 
which, for a long time, has been regarded as the spiritless work of 
caprice or chance," In consequence of this, the " Tables" came 
into frequent use, and were introduced into many of the more re- 
spectable Gymnasia ; nor has one yet been found, who has not, 
from his own experience, realized their utility. 

This new edition, which appears nine months after the first, 
will shew that I have paid a due regard to the objections ad vane-, 
ed by others, and have adopted their proposed improvements ; 
and, at the same time, that I have been fully sensible how imper- 
fect the former edition was. The present edition is enriched 
principally by the addition of the Homeric paradigms, which the 

% 



10 PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1809. 

study of Homer renders so desirable. To our friend Mr. Assess*- 
or D. Dissen, we are indebted for the careful enumeration of the 
Homeric forms, who instituted a thorough examination of Homer, 
in order that nothing of importance might escape us. The last 
tables, exclusively the result of his labours, will prove, no doubt, 
to the young friends of Homer, an acceptable present. 

It was not till lately that an attack was made upon this method 
by one, whose opposing voice, I had, from the commencement, 
expected to hear. In the Jena Allgem. Lit. Zeii. No. 4. of this 
year, appeared an article, " some strictures on Thiersch's Tables 
of the Greek verb, by F — G." written with much warmth. The re- 
marks of the author, who has never made a trial of the method, 
and, nevertheless, threatens to overturn it as prejudicial to the 
cause of instruction, concern, for the most part, mere trifles, which 
might be altered by a single stroke of the pen, if really necessa- 
ry. Besides, these cavils expose, not only the animosity, but the 
ignorance also, of the author. He threatens to subvert the me- 
thod in one of its principal parts, by objecting, to the derivation 
of every tense from the root, the form <rs<ru(pa<rai for rsrv^ivoi slffi, 
and thus wishes to deduce the original epic form from the much 
younger aspirated Perf. Act. — On this point, however, the deriva- 
tion of the tenses, it is necessary to be more explicit, that I may 
avoid, for the future, the imputation of a desire of change and a 
fondness for arbitrary arrangement. 

In the oldest Grammarians traces are found of that method, ac- 
cording to which, the tenses are formed in such a manner, that one 
is always made the foundation of another ; e. g. from ido^v i& 
formed dotyrfopou, from kstka, &s»X<xf//»]v, &c. The opinion was 
finally adopted, that, in order to arrive at any form after the Prses., 
we must pass through another form to which it seemed to bear 
some analogy. But we find it no where asserted, that this system 
of derivation is not equally valid and useful when the order is in- 
verted, and J<56S»]v formed from 8o§i)<fopai, or gru+a from <rgVu<pa. 
Thus the author of the Halle Grammar, to whom most of us are 
indebted for our elementary instruction, thinks he has simplified 
the business, when he advises us to derive all the tenses of the 
Pass, from the corresponding tenses of the Act. At least, it is not 
a more capricious mode of proceeding, to change, for the Fut. Pass. 
4*w into ^dqtfopai, gw into x&qffojxcu, and for the Aor. ^a into 
<p$*}v, got into x^*J v > than, according to the common method, to 






PREFACE TO THE EDITION OP 1809. II 

convert (pa. into ppou, ya. into 7f*ai, and xa sometimes into (aoci and 
sometimes into o>ai, in order to obtain the Perf. Pass. ; or, in or- 
der to arrive at the Aor. 1. Pass, of fagiyu, to lead us through srf- 
rgeipa, efogscpu, sW^ajifjLcci, eW^a^Tai, (stfT^owf-Syjv) £tf<r£a(p$7]v. When 
any method is so arbitrary, we may be assured that it has wander- 
ed far from the way which the language has pursued in its for- 
mation. 

First of all, we cannot mistake the analogous formation of those 
tenses which are classed together in the " Tables " as primary 
and secondary tenses, rirvcpa. irsrvcpsiv, Tvcp^o^at iru'^yjv, to^w 
srv-]sa., &c. Should this already appear capricious, to receive a 
doubtful Fut. otxso'w, in order to obtain ^xsCa, still it is a matter of 
indifference, in itself considered, whether we form rixp^tfofAai from 
l<r(j<pd*jv, or £<r6qi&v)v from <ru<pdV°M- w, 7 were it not necessary to ren- 
der this mode of proceeding subservient to a more important end. 
Of this however more hereafter. What now concerns us is, to 
strike at the root of the old system of deduction, which renders 
even the primary tenses dependent on other forms, e. g. TcVucpa 
on sru-v^a, TgTu/jo/xa* on <rsVu(pa, <rvcp6r)<fona.i through irvcp&riv on «rs'<rw- 
Tai. Let us commence with the Perf. which Grammarians have 
begun to regard as a. finished or perfect present,* (Prcesens per. 
fectum, rirvya, I have struck — just now.) 

For the unfinished or imperfect present, (Prcesens imperfectum,) 
certain terminations were invented, Plur. — fiev — re — v<rtfi, and 
were subjoined to the root, — 



(pot 


9<X|XeV 


(pars 


(<p<xvT<n) 


(paitfi f 


/3a 


jSa/xsv 


/3a<rs 


(/Savrtfi) 


jSatf* 


<rXo£ 


cXa/xev 


cXars 


(rXavrtfi) 


•rXatfi 



To denote that the present was past or finished (Pros, perf '.) 
the reduplication was introduced into the three radical languages, 
(/3s/3<x(asv, gegangen, cecidi,) and thus originated the ground-forms 
of the Perf. which have been preserved entire, in the epic Ian- 



• Compare Hermann de emend, rat. Graec. Gramm. p. 186. Matthiae 
ausf. Gramm. p. 685, and the ingenious dissertation u de Temporibus it Modit 
verbi Graci " by Ludolp Georg. Dissen, p. 5, seq. From this dissertation are 
borrowed the names of the tenses which are here employed. 

t See $ 5. 4. of the Tables. ( Tr.) 



13 PBEFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1809. 

guage. Single persons, the 3d for instance, have found their 
way into all the dialects. — 

rerXafASv TSrXars (rSTXavrtfi) rsrXatfi 

/3e/3a^sv (3s{3dlrs ■(j8sj8avTtfi) (3s(3a<ti 

k&pev &ms (kavrtfi) kadi 

According to the same analogy 
tmperf. (Praeteritum imperfectum,) s/3dc^sv, iftare, ifiatfav, irXafASv, 
irXare, irXatfav-. 

Plusqpf. (Praeteritum perfectum) (i(3s(3apBv, i(3s(3urs 9 £/3s/3<x» 
<tav,) hsThapsv, hsrXdrs, ^STXatfav, the former with an Aor. signi*. 
fication* 

Such forms as ifiiftapsv were forbidden by the metre of the 
epic language, while kkXa^sv and j3s(3adav were admitted and 
retained. It seems inconsistent with the progressive formation of 
the language, and therefore arbitrary, to derive, as is done in the 
Grammars, Hrka^sv, <rsVXa<rs, TSTXatfj, by an unnecessary syn* 
cope, from <rsrXaa/x£v, TSrXaars, and these forms again, by syn- 
cope, from csrX^xajut-sv,, &c. thus regarding the fullest form as the 
^original one. 

The first short a in the 3 pers. Plur. as (3ef3aoL(fi, (ASfxaao'i, ys° 
y<XA(to 9 is not derived from any syncopated form, but depends upon 
the same rule in the epic language, which permits o£<x£ to be 
lengthened into ogcuas. II. 7. 448. aifyaXa into dtf^aXaa. II. 2. 293. 
;jj&a<j&a* into fAvaatfSaf. Od„ 1. 39. or aWi&ro into aiVioWo. II* 
II. 654. 

Acid to this, that for the Sing., the terminations -u.ag-s (from 
l'a-sa£-2e the original Perf. of Btpfy were adopted, and We have the 
original conjugation of the Perf. Act. This has been retained in 
5»w, 8siu), S-siS'u (root &,) the verse and a regard for euphony, how- 
ever, generally requiring the s in 8e8ict to be lengthened into &*'- 
Sia, as in faSiywrcu for tie8£%wrou. Od. 7. 72. 
Sing. 1. SsiSi * a II. 13. 481. 

a£ • Od. 18. 79. 

s II. 18. 34. 

1. 8si8i - ^ II. 9. 230. 

ts II. 20. 366. as Imperat* 

art II. 24. 663. for SsSnrti 

with the Ionic a for v. Here s remains in its simple form be* 
cause the verse permits it. To this original conjugation of the 
Perf. (which in the Dual and Plur* is deficient m all the mood- 



1. 


tfs {& 


2. 


SsiSi 


3. 


'SsiSi 


1. 


SeiSi 


2. 


dsiSi 


3. 


-SsSi 



PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1809. 13 

'Vowels, and for this reason follows the analogy of the conjugation 
ih juu,) belong such forms of the Imperat. as xsxXuSi, rsVXaSi, rs$- 
va3r/, SsiSih ; — of the Opt. as rsSvairiv, s-stXouV, &c. (both their 
signification and the 3. pers. Plur. Ind. TsSvatfi which belongs to 
this class, forbid us to regard them as Aorists with the reduplica- 
tion ;) — of the Infin. as reSvapswi, csSvajjisv, tsSvocvccj, rsrXavai ; 
— of the Participles, as dshus, dsiSnreg, f*s/jt.aw£ ; — as well as some 
single persons, such as Plusqpf. iksVjSpisv, also Upsv, sj'XtjXou^sv. 
All these are forms in which the terminations merely are annexed 
to the root, increased by the reduplication. They cannot be ex- 
plained by the abbreviation of the full form, e. g. rs'SvaSi short- 
ened from riSvrpG, rsSvafyv from <rsSv>jxoifJU, at least not without 
the most violent and unnatural changes, fi. g. SiSi^sv, by reject- 
ing o, x, a, from dsdoixct^sv. 

It must already appear evident that in the formation of the 
Perf., the language has pursued its own free course, without ren- 
dering this tense dependent on the first Aorist. And why, indeed, 
in order to arrive at the original forms r&vapev, SsiS^sv, should 
we invent unheard of Aorists, g'Sv^tfa, sSrta (Homer has, it is true, 
BdsKfag, bSSeitfe, £§8ei<faTS,- Udzitfav ; nothing however from s<Wa, 
still less from s&vijtfa, which he and all the Greeks would have 
found intolerable by the side of e'Savov) — Why, I say, should we 
invent these strange Aorists, and proceed from these to unknown 
Perfects, such as SiSixa, and from these (e. g. from SeidixuiLsv,) 
remove the xa which never existed, in order to arrive at the ori- 
ginal and independent form SsiSipsv 1 This last form, however, (de- 
ficient in the Mood- vowel,) altogether unconcerned about this for- 
midable bulwark of etymology, is formed independently of any 
other tense, from the ground-form of the tense and the termina- 
tion. If this mode of proceeding is unphilological in the case of 
SsiSi^ev, SsSius, it is equally so in the case of reSva/xsv, /xs/xaw£, 
and others, for the formation is same. Beyond this, the language 
i of Homer made but few advances" in the further formation of the 
Perfect. 

The a retained from the old Perf. ea, became the characteris- 
tic vowel of the Perf., (tfciS) tfstfoi'Sa^sv, tfsirofeare, (tfX^y) <kb. 
^X*jyafjt-sv/((p£uy) tscpeuyccpsv. It is evident that this form of the 
second Perf., as it is called, is derived from the Fut. 2. no more 
than SsiSttt from sdsufa and dsidnca. In the verba pura a x was 



14 PREFACE TO THE EDITION OP 1809. 

introduced,* to avoid the collision of vowels, as in oiWri, fMjx^ri* 
The final vowel of the root was now doubled before this x, accord- 
ing to the general rule,* (3e(3a.a<fi, f3e(3a.xa(fi, jSsjSijxatfi. In many 
verbs both forms are found, side by side, in different persons, rs- 
Svyjxs not rg'Svas, TsSvatfi not rsSv^xatfj ; also /3s/3<xao'i, /3s']8ap-gv, 
/3s/3aws ; and /3s/-fyxa£, (Ss(3r\xe ; Plusqpf. /3s/S^xs». 

These are the steps by which the epic language proceeded 
in the independent formation of the Perf. viz. the invention of the 
reduplication, reVXafxev ; the introduction of the Mood-vowel a, ttu 
cpsvyapsv, and of the x in the verba pura, rs'Svaa ri§vv\xct, cs'S- 
vas ts'Svijxs, &c. The remaining peculiarities of this tense 
have been subsequently introduced. One of these is, the introduc- 
tion of the x in the verba liquida, and in a portion of the verba muta. 
Such forms as tficpuyxa, sawagxa, &c. are unknown in the epic lan- 
guage, much more so the attic forms, in which the x suppresses 
the r sound, e. g. tfsi'Sw tfSrfsiS-xa tfsVsixa. The SiSoixa. there- 
fore of Homer is not to be derived from Ssidu, but from the inter- 
mediate form 8eiu. As little claim to originality has the other 
form of the Perf. with the aspirated * and x, e. g. <rsVu<pa, -TrsVXs^a. 
The aspirate was retained, it is true, where it was found in the 
root, as in rsrsu^wj, Od. 12. 423. from the root rsux ; so in TsV^^a 
(root t^xO reVgoqw (root ?£S<p.) /3s/3^u^a (root figvx*) But an 
aspirate in the Perf., assumed independently of the root, is utter- 
ly unknown in Homer. A multitude of perfects are found, such 
as xsxotfa, <ri<rg\ya, tfsVXTjya, tfs'tfajtfa, itiygixa, tficpsvyu, &c. which 
afforded an opportunity for such an aspirate, but no where is any 
trace of such a form as rsrucpa for <rsVu*a ; a satisfactory proof, that 
those aspirated Perfects were first introduced during the subse- 
quent progress of the language. The first traces of them are met 
Iwith in Herodotus. We have, then, five steps by which the lan- 
guage has proceeded gradually in the formation of this tense. 
The forms <5s»<5»/xsv, rfstfofeapsv, /3g/3rixa/ASv, <rSTU(pajm.ev, flrsrfsixajxsv, 
pay serve to indicate these steps. Those, however, who derive 
the 3d, 4th, and 5th of these forms, from the Aor. 1., and the 2d 
from the Fut. 2., and, for the 1st, avail themselves of syncope, will 
io well to reflect, whether they are not pursuing a course, direct- 
ly contrary to that which analogy points out in the formation of 
language. 

* See $ 10. of the Tables; (Tr.) 



PREFACE TO THE EDITION OP 1809, 15 

Having ascertained the formation of the Perf. to be independ- 
ent of the other tenses, and the primary tenses of the Act. stand- 
ing thus on their own foundation, it will not be difficult to prove 
the same in respect to the primary tenses of the Pass. It has 
been usual to derive the Perf. Pass, from the Perf. Act., the Aor. 
1. Pass, from the 3 pers. Sing, of the Perf. Pass., and the Fut. 1. 
Pass, from the Aor. 1 . 

The reduplication, which is common to the Perf. Act. and Pass., 
can furnish no satisfactory evidence that the one is derived from 
the other. For admitting that this sign was invented to denote the 
completion of a portion of time, we should naturally expect to find 
it wherever this idea prevails. In conformity with its original use, 
we meet with it to denote a completed future, TiA^ai, tstu-^o- 
jxai. With regard to the Perf. Act. and Pass., the radical vowels 
are not unfrequently altogether different ; e. g. Perf. Act. Thevxa, 
Pass. rirvyiioLi ; Perf. Act. rsrgocpu, Pass. TsVgafAfxai ; x&Xixpa, 
xixkspikcu ; gtf<rej^a, sfl'riyf/.ai ; /3s'/3»]xa, /3s'/3afxai ; s^vo^a, hr\- 
vsypai. Add to this, that frequently the Perfects Act., from 
which the Perfects Pass, are derived, are arbitrarily assumed, 
e. g. tfiitvxoi (from irevSu) in order to form ^Vutfjui-ai ; ^»'%a (from 
fi'/xw) to form yjly^m ; and we are constrained to acknowledge 
that the Perf. Pass, like the Perf. Act., is not dependent on any 
other tense for its formation. This assertion receives the fullest 
confirmation from the circumstance, that even in Homer we find 
this aspirated form in the Perf. Pass., which, in the Act. we meet 
with first in Herodotus ; e. g. sWe<r£<x<pa<rou from i-rir^Vw, II. 2. 
25, w Xaoi <r J sVirsr^ouparai xou Totftfa /xs'/xilXs ; and II. 11. 26, xu- 
<xvso» Si dgoLxovrsg o^w^aro if^rl Sbi^v. It is, we presume, 
sufficiently apparent, that such forms are not derived from the 
much younger aspirated Perf. Act., but, together with this, imme- 
diately from the root ; e. g. r^arf, (r^atfu is found in Herodotus,) 
rsr^atfVTai, rSTgatfarai, Tsr^acparcu. 

Who, then, would not delight to follow the course of the lan- 
guage itself, which, from the root xo^uS (comp. xogvg xo£uS-os) 
forms xexogvfyivos, from popx in fAo^tfo'w, (comp. fio^x ?) f* e - 
fxo^u^jxs'vog ; from <p£a#, #s<p£a<5{Asvos ; xa#, xsxafl/xs'vos ; Xsy, \i\sy- 
fxai ; (pXsy, rf&pXeyfjkai, &c. ? or, as is usual, changes the r sound 
into tf, as in Hpev, later form '/tffxev .; and thus from *$& produces 
flfgVsjCf/.ai ; from Xa$, XiXatf/xaj ; tfu&, iriifvtyat ; &c. ? But if 



Iff PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 180&. 

any one should prefer to pursue this xsxo£uSfxa» through xo^uotfw*. 
xoguifu, ixogvtfa, xexo^uxa, xsxogvpai ; and tf&ruo>ai through tefau, 
tfsvtfw, srfsvrfa, tfsrtsvxu, crsVuxa and tfsVujjocu ; as the Platonic sophist 
chases his ovrug 6'v through fire, air, earth, and water, without dis- 
covering the absurdity ; on him we might justly impose the task, 
of collecting the necessary number of epic Perfects Act. with 
their Aspirates and Kappas, in order to derive from them, accord- 
ing to his beloved method, such perfects as the following, and the 
forms derived from them, which occur in innumerable instances 
in Homer and Hesiod, viz. xsxaXu/x|xai,.xs;^a£j0'jj!,ai, Xs'XsjfXjxai, Xs- 
Xsy/xai, tisiMypcu, vs'y;/jijaai, tfetfaXa^/xaj, tfsVua^cu, tfs'<pot|XfAai, ittcpvy^cu, 
ffspuXa^/xai, <T£T|a/X(xa», rsVoqxou, rsVaXjyoaj, rsVu/x/xftj, &c. 

Every person of discernment must recognise the merits of our 
present Grammarians, and pay them the homage which is due. 
Had they, however, thought sufficiently for themselves, they would 
not have regarded that as sacred, which has not yet been banished 
from the more unskilful labours of their older brethren. Pride or 
weakness alone can delight in charging with presumption and rash- 
ness, one who is endeavouring to extirpate some of the old thorns 
and briars from a field, which still is not susceptible of cultivation 
enough, to produce the desired fruit. Besides, in all this, we have 
not considered what possible sense there can be in saying, that (pa 
is changed into (xjjuxi, xa into [loli and sometimes into tffjoou. From <pa 
we cannot form fjt-fjiai, or from xa, \loli ; still less rffji-ai. Is nothing 
more intended however than this, that fjt-ai is annexed to the root 
in place of xa, then why not represent the matter as it really 
is, that we may understand the nature of the formation, viz. that 
this /xai, the termination of the primary tenses, is subjoined to the 
root, in the Praes. with the mood- vowel, and in the Perf. without 
a mood-vowel ? (psuy-o-pai, tfs(psuy-|xai. 

We proceed now to the derivation of the Aor. 1. Pass. from, 
the 3 pers. Sing, of the Perf., the most unintelligible of all. Butt- 
man has already abandoned it. Had this tense been derived from 
the 3 pers. Dual Plusqpf. irsrucp^riv, it would have been, to say 
the least, very convenient ; for, by dropping sr, we obtain the de-, 
sired form. But what contrivances are necessary to arrive at 
(rkganrai from t^sVw ! And what form have we then obtained 
analogous to that of the Aor. ? By all these contrivances, we ob- 
tain TS-rga.tf.raj, which, piece by piece, must be moulded into. 



PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1809. 17 

the new form s-*£s-9-&*jv. In both these forms of the Perf., viz. 
Act. and Pass., the same analogy frequently obtains, (Vscpavrai, 
Jpav9ri]v,) for which a sufficient reason can be given. But this 
analogy is by no means universal ; e. g. xs'x|»rai has ixgifyv and 
also £x|ivS*jv ; xsxXifxai, £xki$r)v and &X»'vSh)v ; ffsVaurcu, Iwailtf- 
S»jv ; fi,iy,vYi<rai, i^vyjd^riv ; x^^rai, s^^tf^iiv. Such Aor. forms 
as these, much more however svge§r\v usually derived from sii. 
gnrou, ti(v\v&v\v from Itfifvqrai, o^sStjv from j5f*jra», and especially, 
lf£s&*)v from s't^ron, demonstrate fully the independent formation 
of this Pass, tense also. Its internal structure will make thia 
still more obvious. Compare 

&U<P&»)V rU(}&Sl9]V TU(p&SJg 

I'S^v Ss»V Ssfc with 

i'5wv Joitjv (JoiJj 

soVijv tiraiyv (frag 

and we see most clearly, that the ground-form of the tense, in 
sVu<pS?jv, as also in njcp^tfojxai, is not concealed in t4tmtou, the 
3 pers. Sing, of a different tense, but that it is <ru<p$s ; e. g. tfXspc- 
Svjtfo/xai, ground-form irXs^^s ; (piXriS^tfo/xou, <piX*j&ff.* 

Admitting that the future signification was already denoted by 
the intervention of a <f, tfXsx.o-jjux», crXsx.tfo./xai, qrXifofi>ai, the in- 
termediate member 5e was then introduced, between the tf and 
the root, by one of those arrangements, so frequent in the Greek, 
which gave birth to so many ground-forms ; e. g. #Xixo/xa», crXsx- 
Co/jlou, tfXsx-de-<ft>fx.ai, ^Xs^rjtfo/xai.* At the same time, from the 
root thus lengthened tfXsx, tfXexSe, tfXe^Ss ; rutf, rutfSs, <ru<pSs, 
an Aor. was formed without the characteristic vowel, (§ 38,) eV- 
Xs'x^f^V) ^u<p5ifjv. The same may be said of rvirrjtfoiuu, ground- 
form <rvirs. Thus the steps by which all the forms were gradually 
obtained are obvious. 

1. Tutf. gave birth to e<rwov J<rw6|uw]v, rirvxa £<rerv<irsiv, (la- 

ter forms TeVucpa, irsrucpeiv,) re-rutf-pai, reru|Ubfi.ai £rs- 

2. ruirr. tutt strengthened by <r, twtw Itmt'tov, tiVto/xocj hwx* 

<rojX'/)v. 



* The last vowel of the root, s, is usually doubled when a consonant im- 
mediately succeeds. See § 10. (Tr.) 

3 



18 PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1800. 

3. tvks. *\)<k with s, sYik^v, mtfs'w c-utfeo/xou. 

4. w-^. twK with tf, ru^w eVu-^a, Tu-^ojxaj sru^afWfv tstu^' 

/xai. 

5. TUtf?)!*'. TWS With tf, TUTT^tfOfXaj. 

6. <rucp$s. tuft's with Sr before s, s<ru<p&>5v. 

7. rwpSnifl'. cutf^tf with Sr before s, <ru<p$»j(j , o/xa». 

We may regard it, therefore, as established, that the old deduc- 
tion-theory is untenable as to its fundamental principles ; that the 
resemblance between the forms can be explained only by tracing 
them to one common root ; and, consequently, that other conside- 
rations must decide concerning the formation of the tenses. 

At the very first view, a diversity of ground-forms present 
themselves for this purpose ; e. g. rvir, cuws, <rvq>%e, &c. We 
need only subjoin certain terminations to these ground-forms, e. g. 
Tutfw, rv«4u, TupSsw, &c. and we find ourselves unexpectedly 
ushered into the fanciful theory of Hemsterhuys, Valkenaer, and 
Lennep, who have, unfortunately, obscured what was true and 
useful in their principles, by an unskilful and arbitrary application 
of them. * 

A little more reflection, however, will convince us, that the 
forms, collectively, rest upon a twofold root ; e. g. £<paivo'fjwjv, 
£<pav6fjt/*]v ; cpaiv, <pav : XsjVojxcci, sXitfojx^v ; Xsjir, Xwr : d/yysXku, 
vjyyzhw ; ayyeXh, dyysk : a long root, Xsitf, <paiv, dyys'K'k, which 
is shortened to form certain tenses, <pav, Xnr, dyyzk. Thus, we 
obtain two classes of ground -forms, which, in some cases, undergo 
various changes in their vowels, e. g. rsiv, <rsv, tocv, <rov ; in others, 
are increased by additional letters ; e. g. Xewr, Xei-^, XsjpSs, Xsj<p- 
Srjtf ; and Xwr, Xitfs, Xitftjtf. 

These are the observations, which have induced us to give a 
new shape to the whole business of the formation of the tenses. 
In unfolding the method itself, these principles may, perhaps, re- 
ceive some modification or assume a different form. But no one 
can be surprised at this, who realises the difference between inves- 
tigation and instruction ; each of which must pursue a peculiar 
course, leaving the synthesis, which the business of instruction 
calls to its aid, to harmonize, at the close, with the analysis ob- 
tained by investigation. The grand aim, however, of the business 
of instruction, must be, to establish the independence of every 
form, and to communicate the clearest views, on this subject, 



PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1809. 19 

which can be obtained by an accurate discrimination of the forms, 
and a knowledge of their constituent parts. 

To accomplish this, without perplexing the learner by a mul- 
tiplicity of forms, it was necessary, first, to deduce from the root 
the first person only of every tense in the Ind. mood. Every first 
person of the Ind. is then considered as composed of two parts on- 
ly, (augment excluded,) e. g. XsupSyjCo/xai, of Xs»<p and ^tfojuiaj ; 
and it is reserved for future instruction to expose the more inti- 
mate organization of the form. To facilitate, however, the busi- 
ness in this stage, let the given classification of the tenses be at- 
tentively considered, and the terminations of the Futures and 
Aorists be classed in their proper order : Act. soj, ov ; <fu, da ; 
Pass. 7]<fo^ai, t\v ; S^tfofxcu, %y { m ; Mid. so/xai, o/x^v ; tfo/xai, tfa/x^jv. 
In this manner, every termination will be readily annexed to its 
tense, and the whole doctrine of the formation of the tenses, will 
be soon comprehended and easily retained. Previously to enter- 
ing on the Paradigm, we have explained what we mean by the 
ground-form of the tense, the mood-vowel and the termination ; 
Tu^r-o-fxai, fovir-o-wv, r^-o-jxai. After this, the personal termi- 
nations of the primary and secondary tenses, and of the Impera- 
tive mood, are particularly enumerated. When the learner has 
a clear view of the constituent parts, and can analyse such a 
form as "ksi^r\<foi<j^r]\j into XsKp-^C-oi-ffS'/jv, as well as put these 
together again, to reproduce the form, he may proceed with the 
minutest parts of the classification or conjugation. The labour is 
not great. The whole formation of the Passive, or of the verbs 
in (xi, can be explained in an hour ; and then, the different per- 
sons in each mood, are easily and deeply imprinted on the me- 
mory. To form synthetically the several persons, is especially 
useful for acquiring skill in the management of the forms. For 
example, let the Aor. 2. Mid. Subj. 3 pers. Plur. of XsiVw, be re- 
quired. The learner is directed to give the form from the short 
root and -ojjwjv ; and, aware that from £Xi<7rofA?]v, nothing remains, 
for the other moods, except the short root Xitf, he subjoins, first 
the mood- vowel oj, and then the termination of the 3 person Plur. 
vrou, and gives immediately XiVwvrai. In the same manner, he 
forms SsWrai, Swvrai, Ss'tfSai, &c. as far as we please to extend 
the synthesis. In a similar manner, every form which presents 
itself in reading, will be recognised by the several characteristics 



20 PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1809. 

which it contains, and not by means of some other form, with 
which it is classed in the Paradigm. By resolving into its sepa- 
rate parts the form j^utfwtfwvrai, vra« with w indicates the subjunc- 
tive, tf the Aor., and the form can no longer remain a matter of 
doubt. After separating vroci, w, rf, the final w (o doubled before 
the consonant tf) is resolved, and we obtain the root x$ v< *o* The 
language seems evidently to demand such a treatment in regard 
to the forms, and I shall waive for the future, any controversy con- 
cerning the adaptation of the method to the business of instruc- 
tion, leaving the issue of the experiment to decide upon this point. 



PREFACE 



TO THE EDITION OF 1813. 



While we have been engaged in further developing the prin- 
ciples here exhibited, by the assistance of such additional light, as 
constant experience in the business of instruction, and further 
observation, have afforded, and have endeavoured to present them 
in the elementary portions of our Grammar, a new edition of the 
present work has been demanded. After the publication of the 
Grammar, here alluded to, a new edition of the " Tables " might 
seem altogether superfluous. The object of the Grammar, how- 
ever, is not to deprive its predecessor of its long asserted rights ; 
— we shall be contented to see both together instrumental in cul- 
tivating the minds of youth. This method has been introduced 
and used, even where the Greek is taught from elementary books, 
very different from our Grammar. Such may be the case for 
the future also, although there is some inconvenience attending 
it. Besides being retained where our work on Grammar is de- 
nied admission, this method may afford pleasure to those, who 
prefer a distinct tabular view of a subject somewhat confused, to 
a treatment of it, involved in the midst of other discussions. Fi- 
nally, that in this edition, much has been rendered more consist- 
ent with the views contained in the Grammar, and, as is hoped, 
considerably improved, needs of course no excuse on our part. 
Neglect on this score would have justly exposed us to censure. 



PREPARATORY OBSERVATIONS. 



1. OF THE VOWELS AND CONSONANTS. 



ALPHABET. 






NAME. FIGURE. PRONUNC. 


NAME. 


FIGURE. 


PRONUNC. 


Alpha A. a. a and aa # 


Ny 


ST. v. 


n 


Beta B. ]8. b 


Xi 


Ef 


ks 


Gamma V. y. g 


OmikronO. 0. 


6 


Delta A. i. d 


Pi 


n. a-. 


P 


Epsilon E. s. e 


Rho 


R> 


r 


Stigma 2r. $. st 


Sigma 


2- o-. 


;. s. 


Sdeta Z. £. sd 


Tau 


T. r. 


t 


Eta H. * ee* 


Ypsilon 


T.y. 


y & yy* 


Theta O. S. th 


Phi 


O. (p. 


ph 


Iota I. /. i and ii # 


Chi 


x.%. 


ch 


Kappa K. z. k 


Psi 


^.^. 


ps 


Lambda A. X. 1 


Omega 


n. &. 


00 


My M. /a. m 









The letters are not arranged in any natural order, but stand 
as they have been put together by custom and accident. For 
reasons which are presently stated, we may class together, s, 77. 
0, w. a, », u. «, (3, <p, +. x, 7, x, £• t, 8, a. tf, s, £. X, f*, v, £. 



* It may be well to observe, that the sound of a, intended by the author, 
is that of our a in father ; of t and »7, that of the German e, or English a in 
fate, e and »? differing only in length ; of i, that of the English e in see ; of v, 
that of the German tie, or the French u, with somewhat more of the English 
« sound. Hence he writes iWy, iVy, (for Mv, Nu,) and gives the sound of r, 
by the German y. 



OF THE VOWELS. 23 



OF THE VOWELS. 



§ 1. Vowels with one simple sound. Vocalis brevis, longa, an* 
ceps, explained. 

1. Simple vowels are £", o, d, r, u. When repeated, ss, oo, aa, 
ii, uu, they are written only once. We may distinguish them, 
however, for the present, by a stroke above ?, o, a, r, o. 

Note 1. Double s is written t\ ; double o, u. Thus £ and 6 
have their own appropriate signs, and are always written % w. 
For a, r, o, however, there are no appropriate signs. 

2. The simple vowels are called short, (breves) ; when doubled, 
long (longa). Therefore 

The short vowels are £", &, a, r, u. 

The long vowels are ?j, w, a, r, c. 

Thus a, i, u, serve to denote both their long and short sounds, 
and are called, on this account, ancipites, i. e. having a twofold 
use, as denoting both the long and the short sounds ; so that they 
appear in one word long, in another short. 

General view, f, o, doubled, give n, w. d, r, o, give a, r, o. 
Breves s, o ; longae ij, w ; ancipites a, i, u. 

Note 2. a, », u, are not therefore doubtful vowels, concerning 



e, o, v, a), it will be seen, are denominated e-i/aAov, o-/i«pov, v-^tXoi', u-ptya. 
In regard to o-fwcpov and u-ptya, the reason is obvious, c and u were, origin- 
ally, it is probable, aspirates, or characters to denote such. Vid. Buttmann, 
Ausf. Gr. p. 11. When used as vowels they were, for distinction's sake, de- 
nominated c-\pi\ov t v\pi\ov. 

The sources of testimony in regard to the sounds of the Greek and Roman 
letters are, 

1. The manner of writing Greek names by the Romans, and Roman names 
by the Greeks : viz. Epicurus for Eiwcovpos. KiKepuvfor Cicero. 

2. Comparison of the Latin with the modern languages of Europe deriv- 
ed from it ; viz. the French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese. 

3. Allusions in the classics to the sounds made by particular animals. 

4. Interchange of certain letters for each other. 

Among the modes of pronouncing the Greek in modern times, two princi- 
pally are distinguished; viz. the Erasmian and Reuchlinian, so called from their 
respective advocates, Erasmus and Reuchlin. The Erasmian follows the ana- 
logy of the modern European languages ; the Reuchlinian, the pronuncia- 
tion in vogue in modern Greece. (Tr.) 



24 OF THE VOWELS. 

which it may be doubted, whether, in a certain word, they arc 
long or short ; or which might be, in the same word, and at the 
same time, both long and short : or which waver between long 
and short : but they are vowel-signs of a twofold nature or use, 
i. e. the same signs serve to denote the single and the repeated 
sounds. 

Note 3. The long vowels have no other origin than the dupli- 
cation of the short ones. For ^rfog- , esgero, 5ss\oc y oo^aov, ^u- 
CooCw, write ^ro£, ^sto, <$5jXo?, w^aov, ^utfwtfw. If the same sound 
occurs by the side of a vowel already long, it is received into 
this, and forms one sound, e. g. x^utfo'w xgutfw, <p»XsVa» (piX^rai. 

Note 4. The sounds of », v, being formed by the palate and 
lips, in the front part of the mouth, may be denominated front 
vowels. Those of a, e, o, being formed by the organs in the back 
part of the mouth, may be called back-vo\ve\s. 

§ 2. Vowels with two coalescing sounds, {Diphthongs) ; their 
origin. 

Diphthongs are formed when a back- vowel, (a, s, o,) unites it- 
self in utterance, with a front- vowel, (», u,) producing one sound. 
Thus, 



s 


Si 


W 


*1 


rj» 


rju 





01 


ou 


O) 


001 


WU 


a 


ai 


au 


a 


CU 


flu 



Note 1. The iota behind the long vowel is usually placed as 
a point underneath, (iota subscriptum.) Thus j\, (J, a ; not iji, 
w», Of. 

Note 2. vi also is found as a diphthong ; but the i was (in this 
case,) originally pronounced with an aspirate similar to W, (di- 
gamma Aeolicum) ; e. g. v\6g was pronounced whios ; \ki^a\)7a, 
memawhia ; ui, consequently, was not, properly speaking, a Diph- 
thong. 

Note 3. In pronunciation, w commonly takes the place of ao, 
and r\ the place of sa and act. H, consequently, has a twofold 
sound ; that of long <?, and of ce, according as it proceeds from a 
double e, or from sot and aa. In (piX^tfu, from (piXs'stTw, it has a 
clear sound ; in <pKjfj.» and ^v, from <paajxi and lav, the sound is 
more obscure. 



OF THE CONSONANTS. 25 

Note. 4. si has a sound between s and » ; and ou has the sound 
of an obscure o, which is lost in the u. Hence when s and o are 
protracted in pronouncing, si and ou are frequently obtained. We 
must accustom ourselves here, at once, to distinguish between the 
s and o, protracted in si and ou, and the duplication of these vow- 
els, r\ and w- 

OF THE CONSONANTS. 

§ 3. Kindred Consonants. Relation between the sounds of II, 
K, T. Rules for their changes. 

Among the Consonants are related, as to their sounds, 

1. II, B, <f>. tf, with a gentle h, or breathing, becomes 8 ; 
and <k and (3 pronounced with the strong aspirate, become <p. 

2. K, r, X. x and y, with the strong aspirate, become ^. 

3. T, A, ©. t and 5, with the strong aspirate, become S. 
Thus, 

II. if. (3. <p. Of these consonants, * x <r are utter- 

K. x. y. X- e d without any perceptible breathing, 

T. r. 0. S. and are, therefore, called Tenues. $ ^ 

S are the most strongly aspirated, for which reason they are call- 
ed Aspiratce. Between these two classes, as to the strength of the 
aspirate, are found (3 y <S, and are denominated Media. Tho 
Tenues, Mediae, and Aspiratae, have therefore, among themselves, 
in their respective classes, an equal strength of aspirate. 

Tenues < x r 

222 
Medicc fi y 

Aspiratae 9 X ^ 

All the nine together are called Mutes, {Muta,) and we must 
accustom ourselves to regard them in a twofold light : first as 
related in sound, IT, K, T-sounds ; and then in respect to the 
strength with which they are aspirated, Tenues, Mediae, Aspiratae. 
Note 1. When one of the n or K-class, precedes one of the 
T-class, the former must be of equal strength with the latter, in 

3 1 11 

respect to the aspirate. Thus, not XsXsyrai,* but XeXsxrai ; not 



* Xtyw makes in the perf. pass. Xc-Xiy-^at, \t-\tyoai, Ai-X«y-rai ; but y being 

4 



26 OF THE CONSONANTS. 



revpfircu, butrHgMft-ai ; not jSs^spp-ai, but /3g/3£gx7ai ; not ysygoLyrat, 

11 1 2 2 2 13 3 3 

but yeygatfrai ; not £cwr<)o£, but ^otpdog ; not girXgx$>jv, but g^rXg^&rjv ; 

13 3 *T 2 3 3*5 

not gXswrShjv, but gXgi<p§?jv ; not grg»/3^v, but g<r£i<p$»]v, &c. 

Note 2. Of two separated aspirates, in two adjoining sylla- 
bles,* the first is changed into its Tenuis ; e. g. tfg<piXijxa, not <ps- 
9iX?]xa ; xg^gutfosxa, not ^g^utfwxa ; «r|»^og not ^«X ^*t 

§ 4. T/ie II, K and T-sounds, before a and f*. Double conso. 
nants. Semivowels. Pronunciation of some vowels. 

1. A C, immediately preceded by one of the ^-sounds, gives 
birth to a 4^ which contains, therefore, tfC, or /3tf, or (ptf. For 
fiXeirtfu, <rgt(3<fu, ygoupau, write (3'he-^u, t£i^gj, yga-^u. 

2. From <f, immediately preceded by a x-sound, proceeds a g, 
which contains, therefore, xtf, or yd, or yti. For ffXgxtfw, Xsytfw, 
figz-Xpu, write tfXsgw, Xs'gw, (3gs%u. 

3. When a r-sound comes before a <S, it is rejected. For 
avurtfw, igeiSrfu, tfgiStfw, write dvucfo, iggirfw, tfgitfw. 

Notb 1 . For this reason, + a °d £ are called double-consonants. 
Further ; £ is the sign for <f8, and 6 for tfr, and may also be reck- 
oned among the double consonants. 

Observe also the gliding pronunciation of X, f/,, v, £, which, on 
this account, are denominated Liquids, (Liquida,) and Semivowels, 
(Semivocales ;) and, in the paradigm, form a distinct class of verbs. 

4. A tf-sound, before a fi,, is changed into (x. For rgTiwr>ux»,:j: 
<rsrgi/3|xa», ysy^acpy^ai, write <rgVujX|ut.a<, TsV^ifA/xai, yiyguiiixai. 



one of the x-sounds, and being immediately followed by r, the y, which is a 
middle mute, must be changed into k which is the corresponding smoot h : thus, 

32 

Ac-Ac/e-rat. So of the other examples. To these may be added ertypa^Sijv^ 

22 23 33 12 22 

tmypafiSqv ; TptPSrioopai — Tpupfycropai ', okSoos — oyboos \ Xsy^rjaofiai — Xe^rjaopai. 

Exception. £< the preposition, in composition, as ek-Scw, EK-8t5aat. (Tr.) 
* Occasioned by the reduplication, in the formation of the perfect tense. 

(Tr.) 
t If the aspicate, however, is removed, the $ is restored, rpe<p<>) — Sptxpw, rpt- 
Xot-Spti. (Tr.) 

t tvv- re-rvK'nat perf. pass. Te-TVfi-pcu 

rpijS- rt-rpt^'fiai rt'Tpifi-fiaL 

ypa<£- yt-yp^-ftat yt-ypafi-fiat. (Tr.) 



OF SYLLABLES. 27 

5. A x-sound, before a p., is changed into y. For irevXsxpat, 
fisfigsxncu, write tfsVXeypoti, /3s'/3£gypa» ; Xs'Xsyfj-ai, from Xg'yw, 
remains, of course, unaltered. 

6. A T-sound, before a jx, is changed into tf. For ^vur/xai, 
ygsiSpcu, iretfs&nou, write ^vutffi-ai, -^sitf.aai, iriiesufpat. 

Note 2. A r-sound, before another <r-sound, is changed into d. 
For irsrfe&rat, £©s»5Sr)v, write tfeVsioVcn, IqjsitfSfyv. 

Note 3. N before the ^-sounds, also before ^ and before fx,, 
is pronounced like |x ; but, before the x-sounds, and before g, like 
y ; (properly like ng in hang,) e. g. <rov croXs^xov xai <r^v pa^rjv 
(psuyfjv, should be pronounced, torn polemong kai taem machaem 
pheugein. The ancient Greeks wrote also, to/x tfoXsjxo/ xa» Tijf* 
/xa^rjv (ps'jyeiv. In the middle of certain words, the /x and y are 
still written : not Xav-/3avw, Xiv-tfavw, tf£<pav-fxaj, tfgpav-xa, <ruv-^avw, 
4>uv-yavw ; but >aa/3avw, Xi^cravw, tf&pa[Af/ia», crstpayxa, ruy^avw, 



2, OF SYLLABLES AND ROOTS. 

or BYLLABL1 

§ 5. Origin and extent of Syllables. Multiplicity of Consonants 
avoided. 

1. A syllable is formed when a vowel is uttered alone, or to- 
gether with a consonant ; e. g. z.yu, tfo-oc, e.Xsi.ts. 

Note 1. The vowel may have a consonant both before and 
after it ; and after it, even a double consonant ; e. g. jx/jv, yow, 
•ru^-w, xo-£ag. When two other consonants, i. e. not forming a 
double consonant, come after the vowel, a final vowel has gener- 
ally been dropped ; e. g. wotf' is w^tfs — w^-tfe. 

Note 2. The vowel of the syllable, besides a single consonant 
preceding it, may take also another consonant, viz. a Mute or a 
Liquid ; e. g. tfxai-6^, <$£av, S^ag. Sometimes a tf followed by a 
Mute with a Liquid, commences the syllable ; e. g. tixkyfe, <ftrX^v, 
(tcpg&yig, tf<r£WT0£, tfT^aro'f. 

Note 3. Hence we may determine the proper mode of divid- 



28 OF SYLLABLES. 

ing the syllables. This must be so regulated that no syllable close 
with two consonants ; e. g. tfoX-Xoc, <ra, Ssi-va, xou-5sv, dv-2r£oj- 
ttwv, 8si-vo-rs-gov, tfs-Xsj. Consonants which can commence a 
word, remain together in the division of the syllables ; e. g. atf- 
rgUTos, a-(frgu-7os ; AtDcXif]*!^, A.tfxX»j-qri-6f. 

2. N before rf is rejected. For ai'wvtfi, write aiutfi ; for 6aif*ov- 
<ft, 8a'nio<fi.* 

3. 2 coming between two consonants is dropped. For tfStfXsx- 
tfS"ov, write tfStfXsxS-ov, and according to § 3. 1. ledietey&ov.^ For 
ysy^aqMT&ai, write ysy^owpS-ai. 

4. When a v together with a <r-sound, standing before C, are re- 
jected, the remaining short vowel is lengthened, viz. s into si, and 
o into ou. The doubtful vowels, however, a, r, y, are doubled, 
e « g* ^j r, o ; oi and w remain the same. For aVsvoVw, rwrrovrtft, 
<rSTU(pavrrf», <5s«xvuv<rtfj, write tftfs/fl'w, ruVrotitfi, TSrupatfj, (taxvOtfr ; Tutf- 
«rwvro'» becomes Tutfrwtfj.if: 

§ 6. Lcmg arad siWtf syllables. Long syllables changed into short 
ones. 

Whatever precedes the vowel, is not regarded, in the measure 
of a syllable ; but solely the vowel, and the consonants which im- 
mediately follow it. Thus, in CxX^o's, CxX are not attended to in 
measuring the syllable CxXtj, because they precede the vowel r\. 

1. A syllable is short, when its vowel is a simple or short one, 
e. g. £, o, a, r, J, and is followed by one single consonant at the 
utmost ; e. g. s-Xr.tfov, o-3-ev, o, sro-Xu-(pa-<ru£. 

2. A syllable is long, ] . by nature, when its vowel is a double 
one, viz. a long vowel, *j, w, a, r, o, or a diphthong ; e. g. #or- 
av, rau-rav, F xsr-v<xv, drsi.-^jZ. 2. .% position, when it contains 
a simple vowel followed by two consonants ; e. g. Xsxtos, p£a£u. 



* Datives plural from aim-Sat [iiov— formed by inserting a before the final i 
of the Dat. sing. (Tr.) 

t Dual 2d or 3d pers. perf. Passive, fr. nXeicu-TrerXey pat ; ypaQa-ysypapfiat-ipat 
iirTai-peSov-tpeSov — for which write yeypafSov ', yzypcupoSai infin. perf. pass, for 
which write ysypa<j>$ai. ( Tr. ) 

t ffirsvSu — <j7r6vi5-ffa) ; in place of which crao-co, 1. fut. act. rvitTwv-ovaa-ov-ov'los- 
ovn, &C dat. plur. regularly -rvirTOvrct, for which tvztovoi. So rtrvtpavTos-avri- 
7£TV<pavT<Ti-a<?t ; and 8eiKvvvTos-vvri-6siKvvvT(n-v(jt. rvirrwoi 3. plur. pres. subj. for 
■TuvTvvTcti. ( Tr.) 



OF ROOTS. 29 

3. A long syllable originally short, is shortened again by re- 
jecting the last of its two vowels or consonants. Thus, rsrvsiv, 
ctxoosjv, tS^vciv, cottsiv, when shortened, become tsvsiv, axosjv, 

Note 1. From g, (i. e. <fS,) from s» before a Mute, and from su, 
the first of the two letters is always rejected. (p£a£w, XsiVw, 
ysvyu, when shortened, give cpp&8u, \iiru, q>vyu. When the 
same letter is repeated, it is, of course, a matter of indifference, 
which one is rejected. /3<xXXsiv, dyysKkew, become (3a\s7v, dyysXsTv. 

Note 2. On the contrary, such syllables as cpid, ens-, ru^. may 
easily be lengthened into yeid, tfcj3-, «rsu^. 

Note 3. When X'oS-siv becomes Xaa-ejv, it is a sign that the t\ 
originated from a, § 2. Note 3. This is very common : e. g. r}5, 
p}3-, tfTij, /3t), 9»j, (py)v, become, when shortened, do, /t*a3-, tfra, /3a, 
<pa, (pav. 

OF ROOTS. 

§7.0/" twofold roots. Change of a long into a short root. The 
Verbs arranged in three classes according to the termination of the 
root. 

1. The root of a word consists of the letters or syllables on 
which the various forms of the word rest :* e. g. Xsiira, tXsjrfov, 
XsiVrjraj, root \sitf : xaXe'w, xoCksdag xaXs'tfai/jui, root xaXf . 

2. The root is long, when it consists of a long syllable ; or, if 
it be more than one syllable, when it ends with a long syllable : 
e. g. <jrs»3-, ysv, (3aXk, igsio, dfxsj/3, dyysXk. 

3. The root is short, when it consists of a short syllable ; or, if 
it be more than one syllable, when it ends in a short syllable : e. g. 
Xitt, (pgo.§, (3oCk, dxo, otXo, ff££a. 

4. A long root is changed into a short one, when its final sylla- 
ble is shortened in the usual manner : (§ 6. 3.) e. g. the long roots 
dyysXk, egsid, axou, alg, *s\}Q-, <p£a£, when shortened, become dyysk, 
S£»<5, dxo, dg, 7ru3-, (pgaS. 



* These changes of the branches, or incidental parts of the verb, while 
the rootremains unaltered, maybe compared to the changes rung with a num- 
ber of bells, one of which strikes statedly and uniformly, while those which 
strike before and after it are continually varying. (Tr.) 



30 OP ROOTS. 

5. By subjoining to the unaltered root an w, we obtain the first 
Pers. of the Praes. ; e. g. Xsitf, <piXe, dyysXK, give XsiV-w, <piXs-w, 
ctyys'XX-w. 

6. A regular verb must have a root which ends in a vowel, a 
Mute, or a Liquid : e. g. cpiXs'-w, Xs'y-w, /3aXX-w. If this be not 
the case, the original root has been altered by the addition of some 
letters. It must, therefore, except in the Praes. and Imperf., be 
liberated from those letters, and in this manner be reduced to one 
of the above mentioned cases. 

Note. The roots which end in (f(f, and in £, are very common. 
Of these terminations the former is almost always, the latter very 
frequently, reducible to a x sound. Thus, cpguftf, if^add, Tagatftf, 
tfrsva^, tfoti^, except in the Praes. and Imperf., become cp^x } vrgay, 
r H a X> drsva-fo ftoiiy. (Comp. § 8. 2.) 

7. Hence we obtain three classes of verbs : 1. Verba pur a, 
whose root ends in a vowel. 2. Verba muta, whose root ends in 
a Mute. 3. Verba liquida, whose root ends in a Liquid. 

§ 8. Changes of the root. Increase of the same. Augment. 
Addition of various Consonants to the root. 

1. A root is increased before, (receives an Augment,) 1. by 
prefixing an s, if it commence with a consonant ; e. g. tv<j?t, srvirr ; 
Xsy, fksy ; £ is generally doubled, (W<r, i^itfr ; 2. if it commence 
with a vowel, by doubling the same. Thus from 

H> °X £ ' ^ x ' *^ s > "^ av 5 rx > u/^f'?? £ f> S ^X' °k ? > a 'f> a ^X we obtain ^, 

z>x s > te &* s > ^ av > r *> u ft'?' ?>'» ^x> v 1 * 5 * Tfo *»*#■ 

2. A root is increased behind, (receives a suffix,) by the addition 
of various letters, without any general rule : e. g. 2K, yriga, yy\. 
gatix ; (in all the following examples the final consonant of the root 
must be rejected) SiSax, Ma-^ffx, 8ida<fx : 2X, tfa-3-, rfa&x ; aid, 
■aiStfXi a '°'X : 22, e. g. ^a/, ir^ay-dd, itgatfd ; <?>£ix, (p^itftf ; Z, e. g. 
fiVsva^, tfTSva^, tfTcva^ ; tfaiy, tfai^. 

Note 1. When the root is increased by the addition of s, the 
s of the root becomes o : e. g. Xey, Xoys ; <?eg, <?ogs. When s is 
the last vowel of the root, it is generally changed into : : e. g. 
av3-e with £, avs-s£, av3-»£. This takes place also when certain 
-consonants are added ; e. g. ysv, ysyv, yiyv ; <rsx, nxr. 

Note 2. The final vowel of the root is frequently doubled, on 
the addition of a consonant ; e. g. S-va with <fx, becomes S-v^tfx ; 



ON THE ACTIVE VOICE. 31 

Bo, (3w<fx. Sometimes the first consonant of the root is repeated, 
accompanied by i ; e. g. /vo, yvwtfx, — yyvutix ; — <r£o, rgwtfx, — 
w^wtfx, — 

3. A very common method of increasing short roots behind, is, 
to introduce v before its final consonant, and av after it. 

Orig. long roots. Short roots. Lengthened roots. 
fjwjS-, jxa3-, fAavs-av, 

r)5 } did, avdav, 

9Teu3-, tfu.3-, rfuv&av, 

(pevy, <pvy, (puyyav,* 

Xe<tf, X»tf, Xi^ifav* 

X*]/3, Xa/3, XafA/3av.* 

Note 3. From these lengthened roots, we can easily obtain the 
short ones on which they rest ; and from these short roots, obtain 
the original long ones : e. g. X»|xtfav-X»rf-Xe»-7r. 

4. Every suffix of this sort is retained only in the Praes. and 
Imperf. It vanishes, therefore, with the changes it has occasion- 
ed, as soon as another tense is formed. 



ON THE ACTIVE VOICE. 

FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 

§ 9. Introduction. 

1. In the Greek, asin* other languages, three Primary Tenses 
are to be distinguished, viz. Pras. Fut. andPerf. ; each of which, 
in respect to the form, has connected with it, a Secondary Tense, 
viz. Imperf. Aor. and Plusqpf. The Fut., together with its secon- 
dary tense, has frequently two forms ; one of which is derived 
from the long, and the other from the short root : viz. Fut. 1, or 
the long Fut. ; Aor. 1, or the long Aor. ; Fut. 2, or the short Fut. ; 



* N before y and ^, is ehanged into y ; before n and 0, into /x ; according 
to $4. Note 3. (Tr.) 



32 FORMATION OF THE TENSES, 

Aor. 2, or the short Aor. Hence w.e obtain eight tense-forms, in 
pairs, of which each pair is formed in a similar manner, and, con- 
sequently, may be similarly derived from the root. Their natu- 
ral order is the following : 

Press. Fut. 2, or short Fut. Fut. 1, or long Fut. Perf. 
Imperf. Aor. 2, or short Aor. Aor. 1, or long Aor. Plusqpf. 

Note. All these forms are in use in but few verbs ; in many 
a few only are found. 

2. The secondary tenses receive the Augment, but only in the 
Indicative. The Perf. also receives the Augment, and retains it 
in all the moods. If the Perf. commences with a consonant, this 
consonant is repeated before the Augment, (Reduplicatio,) to 
which the Plusqpf. prefixes an additional s : e.g. Tiwrr, J«wr , <rs- 
rvtfT, stsiwt ; cpiXs, icpiks, (<ps<piXs) itstpiXs § 3. Note 2, tnecpi'ks ; 
X£utfo, typdo, xs^utfo, h&xgrto ; 3-g, £&e, foe&e ; olxs, secondary 
tenses and Perf. wxs ; also sXtf»£, ^Xiri£. If the word begins with 
a vowel, followed by one consonant, the whole of the first sylla- 
ble is repeated before the Augment, to form the Perf. (Reduplica- 
tio Attica) ; e. g. igei8, i^siS ; dxo, ccxyixo. 

Note 1. When the root begins with two consonants, without a 
Liquid, viz. with -^, g, £, tf, <p3", or with yv,* the Perf. and Plusqpf. 
receive merely an t for the Augment : e. g. +su5 and ^tjts give 
only fyevS and i^re, in every augmented tense whatever. 

Note 2. We suppose the learner, therefore, to know from 
which root each tense is derived, and what changes it undergoes. 
Should an Aor. 2, for example, of Xekw, be required, the root 
must first be shortened and supplied with the Augment, e. g. IXi*. 
In the same manner, qjaiv ^cpav. We suppose him also, to be pre- 
viously acquainted with the reason, why alg makes fy ; vrga€<f, 
it guy ; cp£a£, in the Plusqpf., eiretpgud ; 3-vnjtfx, in the Perf., ts3-~ 
va ; (pS*iv, in the Plusqpf., only scpS-iv. Nothing then remains but 
to subjoin the terminations. If he knows that the Perfect ends in 
pal, and the Aor. 1. in 3-ijv, he finds no difficulty, with a know- 
ledge of the preceding eight Sections, in forming from Xfiwrw, 
(XeXsitf-fAoti) Xs'XsifA/xou, (JXswr-3"*)v) sXsiqjS>]v ; from oixs'w, wxr^ou 
and wx7)3-*]v ; and from Tjr^wtfxw, rsTgwjj-ai, irgw^w ; &c. 



Also x $. (Tr.) 



PORMATION OF THE TENSES. gg 

3. In order to render himself familiar with the terminations of 
the Active, let him observe them in their proper order 
Press. Imperf. Fut. 2. Aor. 2. Fut. 1. Aor. 1. Perf. Plusqpf 

£ '" * " ov ■«« -*« -« -8IV 

JNote. Properly speaking, we have here done with the for 
mation of the tenses. But the three classes of verbs must be 
separately considered, the foregoing explanations applied, and the 
deviations or exceptions noticed. 

§ 10. Verba Pur a. 

In this class of verbs, the roots are not generally shortened. 
Hence the Fut. 2. and Aor. 2. are not common. Observe also, that 
when a consonant is added to the root, the final vowel of the same 
is very frequently doubled, ( § 8. 2. note 2.) e. g. w ,., w ,*, w . 
Observe also, that the Perf. and Plusqpf. take a x between the 
root and the termination, in order to strengthen the form • e a 
^v,*«, („W notrfW . Inthe same manner, ^x«; 



Roots 0»X£ 

Praes. c/xs'-u 






Imperf. „*e.ov i. w V..» £ >,> K .ov 

Aor 1. r ,., a ^^ u ,^ a 

Perf. ^,. x .. „ E . x? ^. a ^^.^ ^^ 

Plusqpf. u^ ..^aptta* ^^j^, Ut , rUMK 

Note. Only when the root ean be shortened, as in d m i u , 
0(u-u, some short tenses are found in use. 



§11. Verba Mula. 



1. When a <r is added to the Mute which terminates the root 
in this class, the changes mentioned in § 4. 1, 2, 3, take place 
In «*r«, which is used for the Parad.gm, the'root is w , and ; 
is added to strengthen it. Hence, ««,„ r ^ u , X^ X £ 'f w , «,&,„ 



* Quere? ,„„.„, ,„„.„„, „„ d because 7 . souuds before „ are rejected we 

"r r h :;;-„ e „:%,r d so of a " others - Theu - is ,he ,o ~ - 



5 



34 



FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 



2. The Perfect changes often s. into o ;* e. g. tfei&w, #sVo&a ; 
aspirates frequently the tf and x sounds ; e. g. rirvcpa, iei<g>s/a 5 an( ^ 
takes sometimes the x sound in place of a <r : e. g. ■jrWcj$r-a-<?rsVgjxa. 



Roots 


rtitf 


(psuy-<puy 


tf£»&-tfl% 


Praes. 


rwr-r-w 


(psuy-w 


tfsIS-w 


Imperf. 


!'-ru#-<r-ov 


8-<psoy-ov 


gWsjS-ov 


Fut. 2. 


TUtf-gOJ 


(puy-sco 


ffiS-Stt 


Aor. 2. 


g-Tutf-ov 


g-puy-ov 


g-tflS-OV 


Fut. 1. 


TU^-CJ 


(p5u|-W 


tfgj-tfw 


Aor. 1. 


g-ru^-a 


s'-cpsuf-a 


g-tfsi-tfa 


Perf. 2. 


rs'-<jw-a 


^s'-(pguy-a 


tfs-tfoiS-a 


Plusqpf. 2. 


i.TS-TU'7r'.gJV 


J.gf6.(psuy.6iv 


s.<7re-<7roiSr-£iv 


Perf. 1. 


TS-TUCp-a 


«jri-(psi)X-« 


<jrs-tfgi-x-a 


Plusqpf. 1. 


i-re-r^p-giv 


^.■rs.^s^-S'v 


Lirs.irsi-x-Siv 



Mixed Forms for exercise in finding the root. 



Praes. 


/¥x w 




Xs»Vw 


Imperf. 
Fut. 2. 
Aor. 2. 
Fut. 1. 


2%x ov 
<p£a£g'w 

g(pga(Jov 

atfw 




tyfryyavov 
stfgayov 


Aor. 1. 

Perf. 2. 


XsXottfa 




^Xtfia'cc 
g'ojxa 


Plusqpf. 2. 
Perf. 1. 
Plusqpf. 1. 


IXsXoiVgiv 
xs'x^upa 

gXSXgUJpSIV 




iirecpgixsw 

%x a f 




§ 12. Verba 


Liquida. 





The Tenses in use, except the Praes. and Imperf., are formed 
from the short root. Together with the forms which have s in 
the root, there were others also in use with a, even in the Praes. ; 
e. g. <ra/xvw and tripvu. Others with a alone ; e. g. xa/xvw. Hence 
two forms of the Fut. 2. are met with ; tsjxs'w and rajutgw, while 
in the Aor. 2. and in the other tenses, a remains. The long Fut. 



* The same is true of the liquid verbs. See the next §. ( Tr.) 



FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 35 

is usually wanting, and the long Aor. ends in a, doubling, however, 
the short vowel of the short root, and lengthening s into si ; e. g. 
cjXX, hiha ; tsKK, §<rsiXa. 



Roots 


cpaiv 


(ftiElg 






Prees. 


cpai'v-w 


tfffSl'^-W 






Imperf. 


£.(pa«v-ov 


2-Gfars^-ev 






Fut. 2. 


(pav.g'cw 


tf-jrag-sw 






Aor. 2. 


?-(p(XV.0V 


f-aVa^-ov 






Fut. 1. 










Aor. 1. 


l-(p tjv-a 


c-dirsig.ct. 






Perf. 


iri-qwv-a 


s.tfrfog.a 


also 


£.<frfoLg-x.a 


Plusqpf. 


i-irs-qriv-Eiv 


s-tftfO^-SJV 


— 


S-tfirOLg.X-SLV 



Mixed Forms for exercise. 

Praes. svcpgaivu) x^i'vw Fut. 1. 

Imperf. ^i^aivov steivov Aor. 1< sxrsiva sV'/}fAava 

Fut. 2. xpjvs'oj 9rs^w Perf. fAs^ova l<pSo£a* 

Aor. 2. sx^ivov ^jxuvov Plusqpf. ^jxe^ovsiv sVstfXuxSiv 

Note 1. In roots ending in £ and X, we find sometimes the Fut, 
1. and Aor. 1. constructed in the usual manner ; e. g. 6'^w, w^a; 
xs'XXw, xiXcfu. 

Note 2. N, when it is the final consonant of the root is omit- 
ted after si, i, and u, in some tenses ; e. g. xrav, (from xtsjv,) Perf. 
g'xraxa ; x£tv, xs'x^ixa ; tfXuv, irsVXyxa ; because this y was not ori- 
ginally in the root. Thus tfi'vw, Aor. 2. SViov ; the root, therefore, 
is not tfiv, but tit. 



* Thi3 change of s into o, is not mentioned in this §. May not the rule § 
1 1. 2. be repeated here ? (Tr.) 



36 



of the A( ti\ :;, 



PARADIGM.* 



13. Of the Active. 



Indicat. Primar. tenses. 



Praes. tvvt \ -w 

Fut. 2. TVIfi \ -0/L 

Fut. 1. tv-4/ j -on 



£<£ £J S. 
OjXSV STOV £<T0V D. 

oixev sts xtfi P. 



Deviations. 



Perf. 



tstv# 



f -a/ 



as s S. 
ajjt,sv a<rov a<rov D. 
ajw-sv a<r£ atfj P. 



Indicat. Secondar. tenses. 



Imperf. swxt 
Aor. 



yri. srvtfT / - 
2. sVutf < - 



££ 

ojmsv STOV 
0/XSV £<T£ 



S<T7\V 
OV 



Deviations. 



Aor. 1. stv-^ 



-a ag s 
-au,sv aTS 



av 



Subjunct. (terminations as in 
the Primar. tenses.) 



/ £JV £»£ £J 

Plusqpf. iTSTIjgf ■? -£J|1X£V £<<T0V £jV*]V 
V -£J/X£V £IT£ Sid ON 

Optat. (terminations as in 
the Secondar. tenses. 



Praes. rutfr "") 
Aor. 2. ruf ' 



Perf. «rfr J -'* 5v ' i,re u " K 



Praes. <ruV<r " 






Fut. 2. TWITS 


-ojuj oig 


0* 


Aor. 2. T\jti 


- -oi/ut-ev ojtov 


otTr\v 


Fut. 1. t^ 


-0J|Uii£V OITS 


OJSV 


Perf. tstvx ^ 






Deviation. 




/ -aj/xi aj£ 


aj 


Aor. 1 . ri'^/ < -a»fX£v arov 


aiVnjv 


( 


-Ul[lSV OUTS 


ai£v 



* The accented syllables, in the several paradigms, are marked in the 
ground-forms, or in the terminations, or in both. If a syllable of the ground- 
form alone receives the accent, it (the accent) remains upon that syllable in 
all cases in which the Terminations have no accentual mark. If the Termi- 
nation also has an accent, then the accentual mark over the ground-form 
must be disregarded. (Tr.) 



OP THE PASSIVE: 



37 



Imperative. 






Praes. rvrfr 
Aor. 2. wit 
Perf. 2. cstoW j 
Perf. 1 . rBTV(p j 



■s sVw 

-STOV sVwV 

o'vrwv 



Deviation. 



1 



Aor. 1. rtf^ 



-ov otrw 
-cwov arcav 
-ars arwtfav 
or avrwv 



Prses. 1 
Fut. 2. 
Aor. 2. 
Fut. 1. 



Infinitive. 



;] 



T I -SJV 

rs ! -siv 

-SJV 
-SIV 






Deviation. 



Aor. 1. 7v-^ -at 
Perf. 2. <re7utf 
Perf. 1. TSTv(p 



-svcti 



Praes. <nW -wv ntfa ov 
Fut. 2. <tw^ -wv stfa ov 



Aor. 1. 
Perf. 2. 
Perf. 1. 



Participles. 



Deviations. 

a? 



<rs?w 

TSTUCp 



> -us 



Aor. 2. <jw -wv Sou ov 
Fut. 1. tv-^j -wv acta ov 



atfa 



av 

k 



§14. Of </te Passive. 



Indicat. Primar. tenses. 



Praes. 

Fut. 2. 

Fut. 1. 

Fut. 2. M. *W 

Fut. 1. M. ru-\, 

Fut. 3. tstu-v}, J 



"^ | -OfMtl 1) 

u ^ tf l.o>6&ov siftov 
-o/xs2ra stfSe 



sreu 

stf&ov 



Forms of the Perfect without the characteristic vowel. 

-•^ai tf-rai 

<p-Sov cp-Sov 

<p-;j£ 



STU < -fA-(Xg&0V 



38 



OF THE PASSIVE . 

Indicat. Secondar. tenses, 



Imperf. 
Aor. 2. M. 






-o'/xsSov 



ou 

stfSov 



OVTO 



Aor. 1. M. ^ru-^- a/x^v w a<ro ajjisSov atfSov atfS*)V ? &e. 



srsru v 



•fJI/-(X7)V 

./x-jasSov 
.(Ld-jut/S^a 



Plusqpf. 

(p-Sov 
9-Ss 



<p-2fY]V 



Subjunet. (termination of the prim, tenses.) 

Prses. rvifr \ -w/xas 07 »]<ra» 

Aor. 2. M. tuV > -w/xeSrov TjtfSov TjtfSov 

Aor. 1. M. t\)\ j -wfjis&a qtfSte wvrcu 



Optat. (termination of the secondar. tenses.) 




Praes. rvrfr ~* 




Fut. 2. Tu^rf 






Fut. 1. TUCpSf^tf 


-OI^IJV 


010 oivro 


Fut. 2. M. <rws 


• -oijusSov 


OJffSoV Oltf&TJV 


Aor. 2. M. tuV 


-oiftsSra 


OjtfSs OIVTO 


Fut. 1. M. ru+ 






Fut. 3. Tsru'4»- 






Aor. 1. M. tu^ -a»/x?]v 


ato euro etc. 


Note. Forms without the characteristic vowel cannot be con 


structed in the Subjunet. and Optat. 




Imperative. 


Infinitive. 


_ C -ou &tf2rw 


Pr89S. TUtfT ' 




Praes. tu#t \ . ,5. 


Fut. 2. TUrfrjtf 




Aor. 2. M. tu* i « , .r, v 


Fut. 1. rvcpSyjrf 




Aor. 1. M. ru^ -ai atfSw &c. 


Fut. 2. M. rwei 
Aor. 2. M. ru* 


► -etfSaj 


/ -4/0 <pSw 


Fut. 1. M. ™+ 




Perf. "riru < -cp&ov <p$wv 


Fut. 3. rsfty. 




' .<p&s 


(p^wtfav 


Aoi% 1. M. tii^ 


-atfSrai 



Perf. tetu -<p&ai 



CONJUGATION OF THE ACTIVE. 39 

Participles. 

Prses. rutfrx Aor. 2. M. <rw\ 

Fut. 2. TutfTitff , Fut. 1. M. tu-^ > -o>svog r\ ov 

\ -o/xsvog rj ov ,1 

Fut. 1. ru<pS*i<ri Fut. 3. tstu^ J 

Fut. 2. M. tu*s ) Aor. 2. M. tu-^ -af*6vog ij ov 



Perf. Tsry fA-|xsvo£ 7] 



ov 



CONJUGATION OF THE ACTIVE. 

§ 15. General observations. The three parts in every person 
distinguished. 

When a tense is fully formed, we regard as its Ground-form, 
what precedes the final vowel. Of the Fut. 1. tu-^-w, the Ground- 
form is ru+j which remains, throughout this tense, unaltered. Of 
the Aor. 2., however, the Ground-form is tv* ; in the Ind. eVurf, 
with the Augment. 

To this Ground-form is annexed, in every Mood and Person, a 
vowel, which we call the Mood-voivel, or characteristic vowel of 
the Mood, because it serves, principally, to determine the Mood. 

Finally, the Terminations are subjoined to the Mood -vowel. 

In every form, therefore, these three parts must be accurately 
distinguished, viz. Ground-form, Mood-vowel, and Termination. 
The first determines the tense ; the second, the mood ; and the 
third, the person. 

The Mood-vowel of the Ind., Act., and Pass., throughout the 
whole conjugation, some tenses excepted, is, in the first per- 
sons of each number and in the 3 Plur., an o ; in all the rest an s; 
e. g. Sing. 1. rvtfr-o 2. rutfr-s 3. <rv<ffr.e. Dual. 1. tuttt-o 2. 
fMicrs 3. tuttt-s. Plur. 1. Tutfr-o 2. TUtfr-s 3. <rutf<r-o. 

§ 16. Conjugation of the Primary tenses in the Indicative. 

The Terminations of the Primary tenses in the Ind. are as fol- 
lows : 



40 CONJUGATION OF THE INDICATIVE. 

Terminations alone. With the Mood-vowel. M. vow. & term, united; 



S. -o -is 


.i 





-0 S-lg s.i 


-W -S<£ -2J 


D. -/x£v -rov 


-rov 





-pSV 5-70V S-TOV 


-0/X£V -STOV -STOV 


P. -/ulsv -rs 


-vrtfi 





-/xsv s-ts o-vrtfj 
Conjugation. 


-Of/*£V ..STS «0U0 J t 


Praes. rutfr ^ 


l-w 


s«S 


c( 


r -a ag s 


Fut. 2. *ws \ 


. -ojuusv 


STOW 


stov Perf. Htw 


■? -a/xsv arov arov 


Fut. 1. ru+ 5 


• -ojxsv 


£<T£ 


outfi 


* -a/xsv ars atfj 



Note 1. In the 3 pers. Plur., vr before a are rejected, and & 
becomes x, § 5. 4. The a in the Perf. is lengthened, rsrutfatfi,. 
because vr is dropped. 

Note 2. The Perf. takes for the Mood- vowel, an a, but is ir- 
regular in the Sing. 

The grand and never failing distinction between the primary 
and secondary tenses, is this ; that the primary tenses have the 3. 
pers. Dual uniformly short (-rov) ; the secondary tenses, on the 
contrary, long (-ttjv) ; and, that the 3. pers. Plur., in the former, 
ends in v<rtf» ; in the latter, in v. 

§ 17. Conjugation of the Secondary tenses in the Indicative. 

The Terminations, which are subjoined to the Mood-vowel, in 
the Secondary tenses of the Indicative, are 

Terminat. alone. Term, and M. vow. Conjugation. 

S. -v -s . -ov -sg -£ r -ov sg s 

t. Impert. erutfr 1 

D. -frsv -fov .t*)v -o/xsv -srov -sr^v r ' < -o/asv £<rov s<njv 

_, „ Aor. 2. b-TUflr" i 

P. -(XSV -T8 -V -0/UUSV -£T£ -OV ^ -OjXSV £<r£ OV 

Note 1. The Aor. 1. takes, for the Mood- vowel, an a, and 
proceeds in the Sing, like the Perf. 

Note 2. The Plusqpf. takes for the Mood- vowel, *i, and ter- 
minates the 3 pers. Plur. in sitfav and stfav. 



as s r -siv sis sj 

Aor. 1 . sVu%^ ^ -ajasv arov arrjv Plusqpf. srsrwr < -sijiasv sjtov gi<r*iv 
a<rs av f -eijxsv £jt£ sitfav 

or stfav 




CONJUGATION OF THE IMrEKATIVE. 41 

§ 18. Conjugation of the Subjunctive. 

In the Subjunctive, the long vowels w r\, in place of the short 
ones o s, are annexed to the root, for Mood-vowels, and to these 
the Terminations of the Primary tenses are subjoined. 





Mood. v. and Terra. 


Mood. v. 


and Term. 


united. 


s. 


w-o ri-is 


r\.t 


-w 


-?» 


•v 


D. 


W-/XSV 7J-T0V 


VJ-TOV 


-wjasv 


-^TOV 


->]T0V 


P. 


oj-^sv *]-<rs 


w-vrtfj 


-cufxev 


•r\rs 


-Wtfl 






Conjugation. 








Praes. 


TVrf | -W 










Aor. 2. 


flS 


Jl 






Aor. 1. 


ru-sp \ -w^ev 


rjrov 


irjrov 






Perf. 2. 


TSTvtf 1 -W/X6V 


r\rs 


wtfi 






Perf. 1. 


rerun J 









Note. The Secondary tenses of the Praes. and Perf. (Imperf. 
and Plusqpf.) have no appropriate forms, except in the Indicative. 
The Futures also, have no Subjunctive or Imperative. 

§ 19. Conjugation of the Optative. 

The Optative takes, for its Mood-vowel, 01, and in the Aor. 1. 
on. The terminations are, in the 1 pers. Sing, /ju, in the 3 Plur. 
sv ; the other persons follow the analogy of the Secondary tenses. 



, -oiju-sv ojtov o»<njv 
-oijxev ojts oiew 



§ 20. Conjugation of the Imperative. 

The Imperative, which in every Number has only the 2d and 
3d pers., takes, for its Mooa- vowel, uniformly an s, and subjoins 
to this, in the Sing. 2. -.&i, 3. ™ ; Dual 2. -tov, 3. -twv Plur. 2, 



S. -oijxi .oig -of 


Praes. ttj^t^ 


D. -oifxsv -oirov .oiryv 


Fut. 2. ruirY 


P. -0I/X6V -0»TS -OlSV 


Aor. 2. rutf 




Fut. 1. TUv^ 


Aor. 1. -ajfjw -atg -at &c. 


Perf. 2. <rs<rw 




Perf. 1 . rsrv(p J 



42 OF THE INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLE. 

-re, 3. rwtfav, (irregularly ovrwv without the Mood- vowel.) -Si, 
however, is usually dropped ; e. g. rtors for wirreSi. 

Conjugation. 



Praes. 


TtfW \ 


,s 


s'-rw 


Aor. 2. 


Tunr f 


-S-TOV 


e'-TWv 


Perf. 2. 


rirvrr C 


-s.rs 


i-TW^av 


terf. 1. 


rsrvop ) 


or 


-OVTWV 



Note. The Aor. 1. retains here, as in all the Moods, the Sub- 
junctive excepted, its Mood-vowel a, but terminates the 2 pers. 
Sing, in ov ; e. g. 

tv-^j -ov tv-^j -a<rov t\)-\> -are 

-a<rw -a<rwv -af-wtfav -<Wwv 

§ 21. Of iAe Infinitive and Participle. 

1. The Infinitives terminate, the Mood-vowel included, in siv. 
The Aor. 1., however, ends in ai, e. g. ru-^-at ; and the Perf. in 
sva», e. g. rsrvir-swi. 

2. The Participles end, the characteristic vowel included, in 
wv for the Masc, ouCa for the Fern., and ov for the Neuter ; ex- 
cept the Aor. 1., which ends in as, atfa, av ; and the Perf. which 
ends in ws, ufa, 6$. Thus 

Praes. rkr\ Aor. 1. tu^ -as atfa av 

Fut. 2. «wi / Perf. rsrutf -wj vTa o's 

Aor. 2. ™r>- wv outfa ov 

Fut. 1. TUn^) 

Note. The Aor. 2. has the accent, both in the Infinitive and 
Participle on the last syllable ; e. g. wrtm outfa 6v, Inf. vvtsTv. 



43 

ON THE PASSIVE VOICE. 

1. Derivation of the Tenses. 

If the Paragraphs on the letters and syllables, are fresh in the 
memory, the learner will find no difficulty in comprehending, in 
its whole extent, the Greek passive ; which, indeed, must not be 
regarded as a confused and arbitrary mass of inflexions, but as a 
noble and inimitable master-piece, and worthy, on account of the 
euphony and perfection of its forms, of the highest degree of at- 
tention and admiration. 

The Praes. Imperf. Perf. and Plusqpf. have each one tense- 
form, the Futt. and Aorr. have each two, making in all twelve 
tense-forms. The Futt. and Aorr. require a separate considera- 
tion. We commence with the four first-mentioned tenses. 

§ 22. Formation of the Prces. Imperf. Perf. and Plusqpf. 

The Primary tenses of the Pass, end in -/ut-ai, and the Seconda- 
ry tenses, in -/xqv ; which terminations are preceded by the Mood- 
vowel o ; in the Perf. and Plusqpf., however, they are subjoined 
immediately to the root. 

Verba Pura. Verba Muta. Verba Liqulda. 

Root ohs X$y £eXX-£aX 

Prses. ohi-o-iiai Xsy.o-,uai £s'XX-o-|aai 

Imperf. wxs-d-pjv cXsy-6-|ay)v &eXX-o-p)v 

Perf. wVo-/xa» § 8. 1. XeXsy-jjiaj IsftX-jxai § 12. 

Plusqpf. wxtj-iu^v £XsXsy-fJW]v ^aX-jm,7]v 

Note 1. For the changes which the Mutes or * * r-sounda 
undergo, see § 4, and the several examples there given ; e. g. 

Praes. Perf. Praes. Perf. 



rwVrw (ruff) 


rirv^ai 


tf<rsva£w (oVsvajc) 


idrivajy^on 


«b'}(0fxai 


yvyii.ca 


9£<x? w (cpgaS) 


rtttygCCrfpCtA 


tpsiSu 


#e'<pei0'fA0U 


rugatfcfu (*"«fax) 


rsragwypai 



44 



ON THE PASSIVE VOICB. 



Note 2. When the root has an s, it assumes frequently, in place 
of this s, an a ; e. g. tf<r£S(pw, sGV^afA/xou. 

Note 3. The rf before the termination -pui, is found also in 
many of the Verba Pura, for the purpose of strengthening the 
form : e. g. cbcouw, yxovtfftou ; p^ico xiy^id^ai ; <rsX^w rsrs'Xstffji-ai. 

Note 4. N, when it is the final consonant of the root, after st 
i v, is rejected in the long tense-forms of the Pass. : e. g. xgivu, 
xixgipm. §12. Note 2. 

Note 5. Eu in the root is generally shortened : e. g. tsux^, 
r&wypai ; (psvyu, tficpwypoa. 

§ 23. Formation of the Futures and Aorists. 

In the second Futures and Aorists, and in the Verba Liquida in 
all the forms, the root must be shortened. The Terminations are 



Fut. 2. 
Aor. 2. 
Fut. L 
Aor. 1. 






(with the short root. 
Fut. 2. M. -eofxai 
Aor. 2. M. -ofAijf 

(with the long root) 
Fut. 1. M. -rfo^a* 
Aor. 1. M. -tfafjwjv 



Verba Pura* 


mxs 


%gv(fo 


wanting 


wanting 


wanting 


wanting 


ohr\-§r)<fonou 


^ufl'w.&^o'ojxai 


WXTJ-^V 


iXgvtfCiSqv 



(pike 
piX^-tfojxai 

iqjtXij-o'a^v 



n/xa 
i-n/xyj-tfajxriv 



Short roots rvtf q>i5 

Fut. 2. TUTTTJ-rfO^aj {pl<5*3-tfo|XOU 

Aor. 2. tVuff'-iqv icpi^-TQv 

Long roots row <ps«<5 

Fut. 1. cup-^o'ofjt-ai (psitf-&>jfl'o| JI ' a ' 

Aor. 1. hucp-^v i<p£»tf-2rr)v 



Fer&a Liquida. 



<pav 



xpiv 






ON THE PASSIVE VOICE. 45 

Verba Muta. Verba Liquida. 

Short roots <rurf *\>x r£v &* TS,VW ^ **"• * s ^w 

Fut. 2. M. cutf-go/sai <ru^-£o|xa» «v-e'o/xai SaX-so/xai 

Aor. 2. M. sVutt-o'^vjv stux-opjv eVsv.opiv sVaX-ofj^v 

Long root? to* tsu^ 

Ful. 1. M. ru-^o^ai rsugojxai wanting, as in the Act., and the 
Aor. 1. M. Iru4>afiw,v sVsugaj/^v Aor. follows the analogy of 

the Act. e&ihcL sVsiXa|x»]v. 

Note. 1. The four last tenses of each class are marked with 
M, (tempora Medii), on account of the Middle signification of their 
Aorists. 

Note 2. The completed Future, Futurum exactum vel perfectum, 
receives the Augment as in the Perf. and the Terminations as in 
Fut. 1. ; e. g. Xsitf, XsXsK^o/xa/, relictus ero ; <rw<r, rsr^o/xa/ ; 
dtfara, yrfaryo 'o/m.ai. 

Note 3. It is obvious, that the given Terminations, both the 
Aorists Pass, excepted, contain the Terminations properly so call- 
ed -jxai -f*»]v, the Mood-vowel o, and also the intermediate mem- 
ber, which comes between the Mood-vowel and the root : e. g. 
Tup^tfojaai contains ruT-Ss-o'-o-fAaj, and consequently, the mem- 
ber or syllable Ss more than <njtf.tf-o-fAai ; Tu*-s-oj*ai with a tf gives 

2. Conjugation. 

§ 24. Conjugation of the Indicative. 

The Aor. 2. in --yjv, and the Aor. 1. in -Stojv, must be separated 
from the other forms, as they belong to another Conjugation, viz. 
of the verbs in -pi, to which they form the transition. The Mood- 
vowel is, throughout, the same as in the Act. In the Perf., how- 
ever, it is wanting in all the Moods, and the Terminations are 
subjoined immediately to the root. The terminations are, in the 
Primary tenses 

Terminations alone. With the Mood-vowel- 

S. -f/-a» .tfau .rat 
D. -fxsSov -tfSov -ff^OV 
P. -fw£a -tfSs -vrai 



o/xai 


•stfai 


-s<rai 


-OfJt-S&OV 


-etf&ov 


-fftfSov 


o/xsSra 


-StfSff 


-ovrai 



46 



ON THE PASSIVE VOICE. 



Note. From the 2 pers. Sing. .e<fai, when it has the Mood- 
vowel (therefore not in the Perf. and Plusqpf.) the tf is rejected, 
in every Tense and Mood, and the remaining vowels contracted ; 
e. g. -sifai -sou -q^j -*j. 

In this manner may be conjugated 



-o/xai y\ srai etc. 



There remains yet the Conjugation of the Perfect. 

1. In the Verba Pur a. 

In this class of verbs, the Terminations follow upon the final 
vowel of the root, and occasion no multiplication of Consonants. 
Hence the Conjugation proceeds without interruption, e. g. from 
p/Ag'w we obtain in the Perf. Pass. 



Praes. 


<rurfr~] 


Fut. 2. 


rvrfrjtf 


Fut. 1. 


trvcp^yitf 


Fut. 2. M. 


<T\)<K& 


Fut. 1. M. 


<TV-\t 


Fut. 3. 


TSTV-^ _ 



rfS<piX»l < 






tfa» 



rat 

tfSov 
vrai 



Verba Muta. 

In this class, the Terminations being subjoined immediately to 
the root, whose final letter is a Mute, a multiplication of Conso- 
nants is occasioned, which must be obviated in the manner above 
described. Vid. § 3. 4 arid 5. ; e. g. 



TSTVJT-fXai 


rervir.tfat 


*rs<rvtf- t rcu 


/x-fxa* 


4/-ai 


#-<ra» 


<rs<rW-|xs$ov 


csrutf-rfSov 


TSTW-tfSo? 


(x-jxeSov 


(p-Sov 


tp-Sov 


Tsru'rr-f/.e&a 


TSrvtf-d'Ss 


(rSTvif-vrai) 


fju/AS^a 


p-Ss 





Note. The persons of the Perf. and Plusqpf., which cannot 
be formed regularly, are formed, as in Latin, by means of the 



ON THE PASSIVE VOICE- 47 

Participle and the Auxiliary s/vai ; e. g. 3 pers. Plur. Perf. rerup.. 
jasvoj e/tfi, verberati sunt ; 3 pers. Plur. Plusqpf. TSTuj*f*gvoi ^tfavj 
Subjunct. Tsrujut-jxe'vos w ifs *f ; Opt. rsrv^svog e'/^v sjijg g'/nj, &c. 

XsXey.pai XsXsy-tfai XsXsy-rai 

g-eu x-rai 

XsXgy-jxsSrov XsXsy-tfSov XgXey-tfSov 

y-Sov y-Sov 

x-^ ov x-* ov 

XsXsy-f/-s&a XgXgy-tfSs XgXgy-vrai 

y-&* 

X -Sg 

In the same manner, (nestisfe-yMi) arsVsio'-fj.ai, (testes fo-if on) irfaei- 
<fou 9 {testes\%-*ai) testestf-roii. From (p£a£w (root (pga$) we obtain 
(tfg<p£a<5/xai) *s<p£aa'jui>ai, (tfgq^aoVai) vsqpgaufcu, (tes^uSrou) trs<pgpt.(f<rai. 
If we endeavour to avoid the multiplication of consonants in the 
3 Plur., by rejecting v, we obtain the 3 pers. Sing, again. This 
Pers., therefore, cannot be regularly formed. 

The Verba Liquida occasion no difficulty ; e. g. geXXw, tVaX- 
fAai, eVaXtfaj, !VaX<ra», es;aXf/-gSov, (e^aXtfSov) g'saXSov, &c. In this 
class alone, v in the 2 Sing, before s, remains ; e. g. <paiv, (pav, 
*6-(pav-|xa», tfspa/x/xai, tfstpav-tfai, &c. 

The terminations of the Secondary Tenses in the Indie, are, 

Terminat. alone. With the Mood-vowel. 

-jUWJV -tfo -TO -OJXTJV -Stfo -STO 

-f/,sSov -tfSov -rfSfyjv -of/iS3rov -gtfSov -eo'Srjv 

-fxsSa -tf$g -vro -o/xgSa -gtfSg .ovto 

Note 1. The Aor. 1. M. takes, for its mood-vowel, an a ; e. g. 
-ajjwjv -atfo -aro, &c. 

Note 2. By dropping the tf, in the 2 pers. Sing., gtfo becomes 
to -ov ; and arfo, ao, -w. 

Imperf. irutfr ) , 

Aor. 2. M. kwe S " of/<y3V * sro ' &c * Aor * *' ^ u +-*f**l w w a<ro > &c. 

The Plusqpf. suffers the same changes as the Perf., and for the 
same reasons ; e. g. eVstpiX^/^v, sVs<pfX>)<j'o, ite ey I'Xyjro, &c. without 



48 ON THE PASSIVE VOICE. 

any difficulty on the score of the consonants. But irSTW.^f^ 
gives Itsto (x-fz/qv ; ersrutf-tfo, ire-u-^o, &c. 

Note 3. In the Pass, also, the Primary tenses are distinguish- 
ed from the Secondary, by the 3 Pers. Dual and Plur. ; e. g. Pri- 
mary tenses -ffSov, Secondary tenses, -tfSrrjv. Primar. tenses -vrai, 
Secondary tenses -vro. This distinction should be particularly at- 
tended to. 

§ 25. Conjugation of the Subjunctive. 

The Mood- vowels are, as in the Act., i/j and ij, and the termi- 
nations are those of the Primary tenses. 



uitr ^ 
ruir £ -l 



Mood-v. and Terminat. 

-Wjxcj .rjffai -yrai Pra3s. wirr 

_6JfXsSrov --yjcrSrov -7]tfSov Aor. 2. M. rutf ^ -wfJt-ai $ 

-w^c&a -y)d$;e wvrai Aor. 1. M. rv-^ 

Note 1. By rejecting rf, in the 2 pers. Sing, we have '/jai, »]<, tj. 

Note 2. The other Aorists in -ijv and -Stjv, as has been ob- 
served above, do not belong to the Conjugation ; and of course, do 
not come at present under consideration. The Imperf. and 
Plusqpf. have no other Mood but the Indicat. The Futt. Subj. 
are wanting, as in the Act. The Perf. cannot form a Subjunctive, 
because the difference between this Mood and the Indicative, 
consists in the lengthening of the characteristic vowel, which 
fails in the Perfect. When such forms of the verba pur a as 
uxSjtf&ov, #S(p»Xwv<ra», occur, they have the characteristic vowel and 
suffer a contraction. 

§ 26. Conjugation of the Optative. 

The Optative takes here also its Mood-vowel o», and the termi- 
nations of the secondary tenses. 

Mood-v. and Terminat. 



> -o(jm.>jv oio ojto, &c ; 



-ojfi/yjv -oitfo -oiro 


Praes. 


<jwr -» 


-ojfXsSov .ojtfSov -oitfSrjV 


Fut. 2. 


wn")](f 


.o»/As^a .oiffSs -oivro 


Fut. 1. 


TU(pSf»jtf 




Fut. 2. M. 


TUrfS 




Aor. 2. 91. 


<r\)<K 


Aor. 1. M. i-u4"-aipi» at 


>Fut. l.M. 


TUvj^ 


a»T0j &c. 


Fut. 3. 


TSTV^ _ 



ON THE PASSIVE VOICE. 4J> 

Note 1. The Aor. 1. M. takes here also its ar. 

Note 2. In the 2 pers. Sing., the d is dropped, and no farther 
change takes place. 

Note 3. In this Mood also, the Perf. cannot be formed, because 
the Mood-vowel fails. In the Attic dialect, however, some of the 
verba pura, to form the Optat.. receive an » between the root and 
the Termination ; e v g. (tfscpiXTj-i-fjMiv) tfsqjjX^jArjv, (tfsyikri-i.tfo rfscpi- 
"kytfo) irecpiXyo, &c. and this i disappears entirely when it cannot 
be subscribed ; e. g. (XsXujfwjv) XsXu(X7]v ; which, however, pro- 
perly speaking, should be written XsXui{x?]v, XsXufo, &c. 

§ 27. Imperative. 

The Mood-vowel is here also an ». The Terminations are 



Alone. 


With the M.-vowel. 


0*0 -ff%W 


-stfo .stfSw 


tfSov -tfSwv 


-stfSov -stfSwv 


tfSs -ffSwo'av 


-stfSs -StfSwiTav 



Note. After rejecting tf, in the 2 pers. Sing., so becomes ou. 
Prses. (wtT-stfo) tjttou, Tu^r-s'tf^w, &c. The Aor. 2. M. in the 
2 Sing, has the accent on the last syllable tutou. The Aor. 1. 
M. ends in on in the 2 Sing., and is regular in the remaining per- 
sons ; retaining, however, its a ; e. g. rt^-ai, Tu-^-atrSoj, &c. In 
the Perf., on account of the Mood-vowel which fails, the conso- 
nants are multiplied in the verba muta (rsrvir-tfo) tstu^o, (tstut- 
tfSw <rsm?rSoj) TS<rj<pSw, &c, which changes are managed as in the 
Indicative. 

§ 28. Infinitive. 

The Infinitive ends in -tfSca, which, with the Mood- vowel s, 
gives stfSou. The Participles end in -(xsvoj, which, with the 
characteristic vowel o, gives -ofxevos. The Aor. 1. M., however, 
retains its a ; e. g. -ao*Sai -a/ASvos. The Mood-vowel fails in the 
Perfect. 



50 



ON THE PASSIVE VOICE. 



Prses. cfatt-^i 


rvitr 


Fut. 2. rwrijtf 




*\)<KV\(f 


Fut. 1. TUf^C 




cufp&rjtf 


Fut. 2. M. vwfi 


• -erfSraf 


<ru#s 


Aor. 2. M. Tucr 




TUrf 


Fut. 1. M. r<5+ 




TU-vL 


Fut. 3. rsrty J 


TSTU^- 


Aor. 1. M. rt^t 


-atfSai 


-a/xsvog' 



J 



-0/XSVOff 



Perf. (rww-tf&ai) rsru<p&ai, (tstu^./xsvoj) rswpusng. In the same 
manner, Xsyw (XsXsy-tfSai) XsXs^Sou, XsXsyjxs'vos ; #sJ&«, (tfStfsiS- 
tfSa») tffftfSj-tfSaj, (tfetfSjSr-fASvos) tferfgufpivog ; cp^a^w, (tf£tf£a<5-a'3rai,) 
flrspfatfSaj (tf£(p£a#/xsvo£) rfs<p£atf/xevos : Xuw makes XsXutfSaj, XsXu/x^ 

V0£. 



COMPARATIVE VIEW 



THE COMMON AND HOMERIC PARADIGM. 



§ 29. Active. 



Indicative. 



Common. 



Prses. 



ruifr 



Imperf. scw-r 



i; 



.0|XSV 

-o/xsv 
■ov 

OjXSV 

o/jiev 



tig 

STOV 
STS 

stov 

STS 



SI 

STOV 

outfi 

s 

stiiv 

ov 



Homeric. 



-w eiff si, <kc. 



STVKT 



eg «, &c. 



rutfrsfx ) -ov eg s 

trCxrefa $ and 3 Plur. -o» 
rfafrotfJK ) -ov e$ s 

sVikTarfx ) and 3 Plur. -ov 



Note. These forms of the Imperf., Aor. 1. and 2., Act. and 
Pass., in tfx, are found only in the persons of the Sing., and in the 
3 pers. Plur. Vid. Gram. § 210. (2V.) 



Common. 



Homeric. 



Fut. 2. 




«w 



1..SW 



3. ssi 



sstg 

e~g s7 

1 . .iopev 2. sstov 3. s'srof 

sujasv sTrov sirov 

1 . .io^sv 2. £*rs 3. &<rt 

fvu,sv »iW 



52 COMMON AND HOMER IC PARADIGM. 

Common. Homeric. 



Aor. 2. eVuT 



6, &C. 



Fut. 
Aor. 1, 




ov ss s 

3. Plur. -ov 




S 

Perf. TgViwr ^ -a/xsv a*ov arov TsVu«jr -a aj s, &c. 

atfi 

s« • -sa sa£ ss ssv 

Plusqpf. STSTucf < -^/xsv ej<rov sitijv 7 -si/xsv sitov sit^v 

\ -sif/.sv sits sitfav { -sijxsv sits fitfav 

or sCav (1. ydsa, 2. (tfsiSsag) 3. jJSsb -v 

Note. Anomalies, occasioned by the failure of the characte- 
ristic vowel, cannot conveniently be enumerated in the Paradigm. 
Of this sort are, sixrov, Od. 4. 27, for e/xsrov Praes. ; IWyjv, II. 1. 
104, for sixsrrjv Imperf. ; siX^Xou^sv, II. 9i 49, for si'X^Xou&ajxsv, 
Perf. ,* Upsv, (later form i'tf/xsv) for *'5ajxsv, full form o/'&xjxsv ; £r£- 
rfifyxsv, II, 2. 341, for sVsrfi'Ssijxsv, commonly sVstfoi'Ssi^sv, Plusqpf., 
Sec. 



* Added from the Gram. } 210. c. (Tr.) 
f Added from the Gram., $ 211. ( Tr.) 



COMMON AND HOMERIC TARADIGM. 



53 



Subjunctive. 



Common. 



Homeric. 



Praes. ctf*v 






•6JU-SV 



?7S 

»JT0V 
11T0V 



?5 

■yjrov 




Aor. 2. 



Aor. 1. cjS4> -w ijg &c. as Aor. 2. 
Perf. q-siw - w ajj &c. as Aor. 2. 



rutfr * 



[1. -w 2. jjg 3. *> 

1. -W/XSV 2. VJTOV 3.. KJTOV 



I. 



o/jt-sv srov stov 

WfASV 2. IfJTfi 3. wtf« 
OfASV STS 

-W 2. r£ 3. >] 

■w/xsv 2. ?j<rov 3. yjrov 

f srutf ' -ojxsv srov s<rov 

1 . -wfxsv 2. »]rs 3. wtfi 

-ofisv srs 

ri^ -w w/xi &c. as Aor. 2. 

■raw -w w/xi &c. as Aor. 2. 



Common. 



Praes. cutfr 



Fut. 2. 

Aor. 2. rw 
Fut. 1. v&\ 
Perf. Tsrutf 

Aor. 1. ™4> 



-oi^sv oirov 
-o»/xsv o;ts 
o/fxj oTg - 



1 

C "01/ 

\ -nil 

\ 



0//XSV 



Optative. 



01 

oiVkjv 
oisv 

o7 



OJTOV 0»T*)V 

o^s oTsv 



-OI/AI 0J£ 01, &C. 

-a»/xsv a»rov aiV*jv 
-a«|X5v airs ai&v 



Homeric. 



ruifr -o«u,< oiff, &c. 



«W 



\ 'St 



-eoi\u soig g'oj 
-soifxsv so<<rov so/t^v 

-SOIJU/SV £0/T£ EOISV 

tu* and TSrvif 

Vl>-\> \ -OJjUU, Olff, &C. 






«TU^ -«I/X( DC»£, &C 

tu-v]^ -sja sjaj gjg 
and the 3d Plur. s/av 



54 



COMMON AND HOMBKIC PAKADIGM. 



Imperative and Infinitive. 
Common. Hmoeric. 



Praes. <ruirr 



< -£<rov si 
\ -srs k 



r -£>sve 
) -e>ev 



SSlV £JV 



£<rw / -ipevat 

£TWV <rW<r-£«V TU9TT-S £<T6J, &C. TlXBV 

ETUffay 

or -ov<rwv 

Aor. 2. tu-tt -s ^tw, &c. <rv<x *s7v <rv<it } 

} s sru, &c 
rsrvnt \ 

-ov arw 

•arov octwv 

-a<rs arwo'av 

or ocvtwv 

Fut. 2. Inf. rutf-sTv Fut. 1. <rfy-sw <ru<jr-££iv 6?v Tu^-s/xsvfti s/x£v £»v 

Perf. TeVutf-s stw, &c. cs-7W-s'vai tstw-s s'rw, &c. ts-tw 5 ^ 



Aor. 1. tu 



(-c 



> -S sVw, &C. > S« 

stu'tt ^ <rs~vit > 



Participles. 



Praes. ™<7rr > 

fUt. 1. TU-sf/ J 
Fut. 2. TUTT -WV 

Aor. 2. <rvir -wv 

Aor. 1. Tu%jy -as 
Perf. TSTutf -wj 



outfa 

ovtfa 
outfa 

acfa 



outfa 



ouv 
6v 



av 

05 



( svai 



•rutf -s'wv £ov<fu iov 
rwrf 
rsrvrf 
<ru^ -as ctfa av 
wit 

TSTVIt 



vtfr ) 

rvif 

■v<if ) , 
rvrf } 

-o 

H 



outfa ov 



via 



eg 



§ 30. Passive. 
Indicative. 



Common. 



/ -o/xaj 
\ -o'l/^Sa 



Homeric. 

1. -opai 2. £ai 



>j srat 
ov stfSov gtfSov wflrt" 

ps$u s<J$s ovraj . { 1. -o'fitg&a -6>£tf$fl 

In the remaining persons like com. 



r 1. -opai k Z. sai r\ 

< 1. -O/XSSOV -o'/XetfSoV 

( 1. -o'u-sSa .o'wstfSa 



COMMON AND HOMERIC PARADIGM. 



55 



Common. 



Homeric. 



Imperf. 



t -o>rjv ov sro ^^ / 1. . >»]v 2. so 3. £ro 

hv*T } -0>sSrOV StfSoV sW ,. / 1. -OfAS&OV -OfA£rfSoV 

( -o>s&a stf&s ovro ' (1. -o>s&a -ofAStf&a 

In the other persons no deviation. 

rvvrerfx. ) -o'/at]v £o £-ro 



Perf. 



•rsru 



tfrat 

(pSov TsVu/x/Aai 



> -o/. 



3d Plur. ovro 



-•^at, &c. 
3d Plur. rSTutpurai 

./xjatjv v^o &c. 
3d Plur. -iparo 



Fut. 2. 
Fut. 1. 






1. -01 



2. £a« 



( J . -o'/jt-sSa 



•/AfAai ^a» 

-fAjX£SoV (p%GV 
■j(A|X£$a <f&£ 

(rfTu/x/xsvoi s/o7) 
-fAf/,7]v n[/o tfro rsru 

Plusqpf. irsru < -fAfA£3ov <p$ov <pSrjv ItstC 
-{A/AsSa <pSs 
(rsru/x/xsvoi ^Vav) 
-opai y gra» 

-o'/AS^a £<r^£ ovrai { 1 . .o>£&a -o'/A^^a 

, , > -*jv &c. 3d Plur. -rjtfav or £v 

7]jUL£V TjTOV VjT1f]V iruir ) 

?1/A£v rjT£ ijtfav ((pavgtfxs Od. 11. 587. for fyavij. 

vid. Gram, § 210. c.) (7>.) 

frwp* -„v ,* &c. like Aor. 2. ^ * "^ &c ' 

eVup^ S 3d Plur. -750*00/ or sv 

ttfai , I. .su/Aai 2. £7] 3. £frai 

fltfoV Sifltfov 1 . -£ufA£&0V 2. ££<r$0V 3. &<T&0V 

er<T^s avrai ruff <f sTffdov sTifdov 

1. -£^£0a 2. taffo 3. sWai 

Sltf^S ffUVTOJ 

*W / I. -o'fxyjy 2. £o 

Brutf < 1, -OfASdoV -OfAetf^OV 

r£rutf 



Aor. 2. iaw 



Aor. 1. 
Fut. 2. 

M. 1W 



Aor. 2. 
M. srvie 



- r 

/ -8/xai ^ 

<j -HJA£0OV ffft 
'-8fA£0a Sit 



-0/X»]V 

-djtxe^ov 
-o'fAS^a 



£0*dov 



£ro 

cV^rjv 

ovro 



/ I. -0fX7)V 
<[ f. -o'/AE^OV 

f 1. -6/x£0a 
^ 1. -ofAOCJ 
Fut. 1. M. ru^.onyi, &c. like the Prses. rC^t ? 1. -o>£0o\ 

f 1. -oa.sda 



-OUStfda 

2. sat.-n 
-fjfxecr&ov 
IxsQu. -o'jLt£(f^a 
(«ru4. -ofAai, &c. with 

reduplicat. vid. Gram. §208. 10. (7>.) 



56 



COMMON AND HOMERIC PARADIGM. 



Common. 



Aor. 1. M. 

STU^ 






w - ccto 

i> atf^ov atf^yjv 

a<rt)g av-o 



Tl!-v|> 

!r4 



Homeric 
1 



1. - 
1 



af/.*]v 2. ao -w 
ajxgflov -ajjis^ov 
ajxsfla -a'AStffla 



Subjunctive. 



Pl'ffiS. 



Aor. 2. tut 
Aor. 1. tu 



Aor. 2. M. tut 
Aor. 1. M. tu-J/ 



Prses. tuTt 



-WfA£0OV 7]tf0OV TJfl^OV 

-wfxg^a 7]tf^s wvrai 




< -upsdov y<jQ 

\ -W/X£<)a TjCd 



/ 1. .ufxai 2. ijai-ij 

TUTT J 1. -wjxgdov -U(i.6tffl0V 
( 1. -w(A£0a -w(i,stfflat 
f 1 . -w 2- fjff 3. y 

-£JW Sl'yjg EM] 

1. -wfjosv 2. 73-rov 3. ^-rov 
-gio/xfiv £»'s-rov gl£TCV 
1. -WjLd-SV 2. ^Te 3. dd: 
^ -siofxsv cisrs g'uCi 
*)<rai tut r 1. -w/AC-j 2. *]ai->) 
ov yjtfdov t£tut I 1. -w/xg0ov -wfxgtftav 
GJV-ra» tu4> \ 1. -wfX£0a -Wfistffla, 



Optative. 



Fut. 2. 
Fut. 1. 



Aor. 2. 
Aor. 1. 



TUT^tf 



TUT 

ruffld 



-oj/xtjv oio o/ro 

•ofjtxgdov ojtf^ov ojV^v 
-o»|Xgda oiC0g oivto 

-Ol'jX'/JV 010 01-70 

-oi'/X£0ov ojtfdov oitfdrjv 
-oifx£0a oitfdg otvro 



tuTt 



/ 1. -OlfJ 
1 1. -o/fi 
( I. -ok 



-siyjv 

-gMjfXgv 

-girjfxgv 



gn)S 

g|7]T0V 
gj'ijrg 



gjy) 

SlYltfOLV 



Fut. 2. M. 

TUT 



1. -oifMQV, &c. 

fj^sdov -oifxgfl'dov 

jx£0a -oi[/.stfda 

3d Plur. ojv-o -oiWo 

v M. -oifAnjv, &c. 
TUT?]tf \ ' , . A 

(1. -o»fX£0ov -OtfJLgtftfOV 

^ ' 1. oijxsfla -oifxgtfda 

3d Plur. ojvto -oiaro 

/■ -£mjv, &C. 

tut 1 1. Plur. sfojfxgu -gffxgv 

TD^d J 2. siiirs -sTte 

\ 3. SMjtfav -sTed 

S0J70 



Aor. 2. 
Fut. 1. 



M. tut 

M. TU-| 



f -0I/X'/)V 0J0 0J70 £ -gOI[X"/]V £010 gOITO 

< -oijxg&ov ortf^ov Oltf&TJV TUT J -SOIjXS&OV ioiffSov EoiffSijv 

( -offXE^a ofa^E cu^to \ -£0ifXg$ra &c. 

/ -oi'jxvjv oio oi-ro 

< -oj/xg^ov oitfSov o/crS 

( ■ oifAE&a oitfSs ww 



lffS*]V 

-o 



fXgSfC 

tut / 1. -oi',a/)v &c. 
tstut / 1. -oif«Sov oifiSff&ov 



COMMON AND HOMERIC PARADfGM. 



57 



Aor. 1. M. tu+ 



Prses. 



Perf. 



Aor. 2. 



Aor. 1. 



TVIfT 



riin) 



TUtf 



Tl)(p§ 



Aor. 2. M. runt 



Aor. 1. M. <ru+ 



aon. 




Homeric. 


-ai(xy]v 


aio airo 


/ 1. -a/p]v &c 


-aijxsSov 


ajtf&ov aitfSrTjv 


tu-v^ < 1. -a»/xs0ov cu'fjt-stfdov 


-aifAs^a 


a/tfSs aivro 
Imperative. 


\ 1. -affAsda aifxstfda 
3 Plur. -aivro alaro 


-ou 


itf&w 


/ 2. -SO 6U 3. s'a'Sw 


-stfSov 


s'tfSwv 


TvtfC ? &C. 


-stf&s 


sVSwfl'av 


(3. Phi*, -s'tf^ww 


-^0 


<p$W 




-(pSov 


(P&6JV 


rs'cu -vj^w &c. 


.(p^g 


pSwtfav 




-7]S» 


7}TO) 




-^rov 


rjrwv 


TUrf -TJ^I &C. 


-r\rs 


7j<rwo v av 




->)TI 


•»jrw &C. 


rv(p§ -7)r» &c. 


-OU 


i&u 




-stf&ov 


s'tfSwv 


TUflT 2. -SO SU &C. 


-stfSs 


s'tf^wtfav 


TS*W 2. -SU &C. 


•ai 


atfSco 




-atfSov 


atf^wv 


ti^ -ai (so)* atfSw &c* 


-atfSs 


atfSwtfav 


*<5uo'so 11. 19. 36. vid. 
Gram. § 213. [Tr.] 



Note. The Infinitives and participles, not deviating in Homer 
from the common forms, are omitted. 



CONTRACTIONS 

OF THE 

FINAL VOWEL OF THE ROOT AND THE MOOD VOWELS 

IN THE 

VERBA PURA. 

§ 31. Enumeration and classification of the possible contractions 
in the Verba Pura. 

Before the conjugation of the Aorr. Pass., together with the 
original and simple conjugation without Mood-vowels, can be un- 
derstood, we must give a general view of the so named Contract 
tions. The Verba Pura, for instance, whose roots end in a s o, 
e. g, ri/m-w o/xs'-w xgutfo-w, undergo, in the Praes. and Imperf., 
especially in the Attic dialect, many changes ; e. g. oixgsi was pro- 
nounced oksT; and x^fyx^oi. These changes are denominat- 
ed Contractions, We must guard, however, against the notion, 
that the vowel which appears after the contraction has taken 
place, always contains the vowels which stood together before the 
change. When olx&st is contracted into olxsT, and x^dfy into xgv. 
tfof, who would believe that the si, in this case, besides the s and i, 
contains also another s, or that in the 01 are concealed an o kj and 
i ? Evidently, the rapid pronunciation effected such a change, 
fhat in place of the two or more vowels one only was heard, and 
that, too, which came the nearest to the prevailing sound. It is 
not, therefore, necessary to suppose, that the sound finally obtain- 
ed, includes within itself the former ones, or is merely a sign of 
the union of those sounds. It is quite a different thing, when ss 
in dssKos is contracted into 5»jXos, and when o'/xss becomes olxet. 
In the first case, the sign v\ is employed, which comprehends se ; 
in the latter, however, the ss, in the rapidity of pronunciation; 
becomes si, the sound of which approximates to that of ss. 



CONTRACTIONS IN THE VERBA PURA. 59 

In the Verba Pura, (-ew-aw-ow,) the vowels e a o are brought 
in immediate contact with the Mood- vowels. Besides, these Mood- 
vowels, when the several terminations are annexed, give birth, as 
we have already seen, in the several Moods, &c. Act. and Pass. 
to the following sounds, viz. wsiou v\ y 01. Each of these, there- 
fore, together with the simple Mood-vowels of the Ind. viz. o s, 
preceded by s a and o, give all the possible cases of contraction in 
the Verba Pura. But si and y need not be comprised in this clas- 
sification ; for the Iota, except in a case presently mentioned, oc- 
casions no difficulty, being merely subscribed wherever it is pos- 
sible ; e. g. r ijaasis nixag. E» and v\, therefore, may be considered 
as equivalent to e and r\. For the contractions, then, remain, the 
two short vowels, the two long ones, and the two diphthongs 01 g ; 
in their proper order, s o v\ w 01 g. 

§ 32. Contractions which occur in all the Persons. 





-£ 


-0 


-*) 


-W 


-01 


-g 


1. E. 


ss 


so 


ST) 


;W 


SOI 


eg 


2. A. 


as 


ao 


U7] 


(MJ 


aoi 


as 


3. O. 


OS 


00 


0T) 


OW 


001 


MS 



I. For ss we obtain u ; for so, g ; and e, before the long vowels 
and diphthongs, disappears : e. g. 



<p»X -ss 


CpiXsi 


scplX -scv 


spi'Xgv 


<p»X -sr 


<piXjj 


<piX -swvrai 


<piXwvra» 


<p»X -SoftfSriv 


<piXoiV0*]v 


(p»X -£gtf« 


<p»XgC» 



2. For a with s or % we obtain a long a ; for a with o, w, 
an w. e. g. 



T({xas 


T»fjux 


T»fxas»g 


Ti^ag 


Ti/xa/jTaj 


Tl/Jt-oVai 


Tiju,ai<]£ 


Ti^ag 


^rifAaov 


sYl'fAUV 


Tijuawrfi 


tjjuuwg'i 


■Tijxaoi^i 


TIjXWjX* 


Tijut,aou 


rijU/W 



3. For o with a short vowel, we obtain g ; with a long one, w ; 
and o, before the diphthongs o», g, disappears : e.g. 



t>0 CONTRACTIONS IN THE VERBA l'URA. 



^utfosiv 


^utfSv 


X^tfoov 


^gutfouv 


^UtfOTJTOV 


^utfwVov 


p^utfowtfj 


^utfwrfi 


^UtfOQIfAl 


X^w°'o»f*» 


^urfocutfa 


p^uO'SCa 



Note. For o, with s« or with jj, we often obtain 01 : e. g. 

It is evident that no other contraction is possible. 
§ 33. On the Homeric Contractions. 

The Verba Pura, in Homer, must be regarded in a two-fold 
point of view. 

1 . As inclining to the uncontracted and open forms. In conse- 
quence of this, the contraction does not take place, when s is fol- 
lowed by w 7} j) o» or s, when o is followed by oi v\ or jj, and when 
u is followed by '/) or jj. In the other cases, the uncontracted or 
open forms and the contracted, are sometimes found together ; 
e. g. irgorfetp&vss and tfgoo'spwvsj. 

2. Such forms alone are constructed as are permitted by the 
Hexameter verse. A great liberty is used, therefore, in regard to 
the inflexions. For instance, where the Hexameter demands it, s 
is frequently lengthened into si ; e. g. <piX-£eo-sijs-£»j gives <p»A-s»w 
-stv}g-sir) : and the contracted forms are modified to suit the verse, 
so that in verbs in aw, the vowel of the root, or one of the con- 
tracted vowels, is lengthened at pleasure before the contracted 
syllable. In this manner, vaisraHtfa (vaisrwa'a is at variance with 
the Hexameter verse) may become vaisrawtfa and vousroWa. So 
o^aoucfo gives o^wtfa and o£oojc'a ; ^aoutfa gives ^wtfa and ^wwtfa (£ow- 
tfa is not adapted to the Hexameter verse.) So also, /xvastf^ai, 
jjwatf&ai, fjbvdLour&ai, ysXasjv ysXav ysKdav. The contraction of so 
into su, which does not take place, however, in the 2d pers. Sing. 
Imperf. and Aor. 2. M., is somewhat anomalous. Thus vsixgoud 
(from vsixsovrcft) in Homer, becomes veixsv&t. In the 3d pers. Plur. 
Imperf., such forms as sVo^Souv dvs^»Vrouv, undergo the usual con- 
traction of so into ou. Having premised thus much, all the cases 
of contraction occurring in Homer, in the Verba Pura, may easily 
he explained in the following Paradigm. 



VERBA PURA. 61 

§ 34. Active. 

Verba Pura in -gw. 
Indicative Prces. 







Full form. 


Attic. 




Homeric. 




s. 


<p»X 


-£u 


-w 


-£&J 


-siu 








-isig 


-s& 


-e'eig 


-sisig 


-sf« 






-&i 


-s7 


-661 


-SlSl 


-sT 


D. 




-££T0V 


-sTtov 


-££TOV 


-£l£T0V 


-sTtov 


P. 




-iopev 


-OUfASV 


-£0fJl£V 


-£<OjX£V 


-SUffcSV 






-SETS 


-sr<rs 


-66TS 


-£l£T£ 


-£JVs 






-goutfi 


-outfi 


Subjunctive. 


•EV<fl 




S. 


<p»X 


-£W 


-w 


-SO) 


-£JW 








-ijis 


•jte 


-syS 


-sfyff 


-f'yjtf&a 






-Jjj 


-?; 


~ty 


-sydi 


-£»'*) 


D. 




-ir\rov 


-SjTGV 


-Sy\tov 


-SiSTOV 




P. 




-£W/XeV 


-wjasv 


-su)[xev 


-£lOjUL£V 








-syre 


-^rs 


-sv\ts 


-£l£T£ 








swrfi 


-wCi 


-SU(ft 

Optative. 






S. 


<piX 


-S0I(XI 


-0?/UL« 


-£0JfJU 


-0»>]V 








•4(H£ 


-ofc 


•soig 


•01% 








-SOI 


-or 


-SOI 


-0111 




D. 




-soitov 
-soiVrjv 


-on-ov 

-OlV>]V 


-SOITOV 
•60IT1JV 






P. 




-60IT5 
-£0»£V 


-o«ja£v 

-ojts 

-oi£v 


-£OlfX£V 

•iwrs 

-£0ISV 

Imperative. 






S. 


<p«X 


-66 


-£] 


-££ 


-SI 








-ssVw 


-£»Vw 


-££<rw 


-siVw 




D. 




-^TOV 


-8irov 


-££T0V 


-£j<rov 








-S£TWV 


-SITWV 


-££>WV 


-£»VojV 




P. 




-SSTS 


•21TB 


-gVr6 


-SITS 








-EeVwrfav 


-giVwtfav -SETutfav -EiVwtf'av 





■sijjtfi 



62 



VERBA PURA. 



Full form. Attic. 
<piX -s'eiv -s7v 



<piA 

S. s<pi'X 

D. 
P. 



-swv -wv 

-soutfa -outfa 
-gov -ouv 



-sov 
-sss 
-eg 
-ssrov 

-SsVtJV 

-so/xsv 

-g'STS 
-SOV 



Infinitive. 

Homeric. 

-s'siv -eiv 

->j|xsvai -»jva» 



Participle. 



-swv 

-souCa 

-s*ov 



-SIWV 

-sioutfa 



Indicative Imperf. 



-ouv 

-SIS 

-si 

-sirov 
-s«V»]v 
-oujxsv 

-e^s 

-ouv 



-sov 

-sss 
-ss 

-S'STOV 
-SgV*]V 
- SO/AS V 
-SSTS 
-SOV 



SIS 
SI 

siVov 

SlV»]V 

sujxsv 
site 

ouv 



-sstfxov 
-s'stfxss 
-sscfas 



-sistfxov 
-gietfxss 
-sisfl'xs 



-s'stfxov -eietfxov 



S. Tip, 



D 

p 



<r»|X 



D. 

p. 



Verba Pura in -aw. 
Indicative Pras. 



-aw 


-w 


-aw 


-w 


-ow 


-WW 


-asis 


-as 


-asis 


-as 


-aas 


-aas 


-asi 


-a 


-asi 


-a 


-aa 


-aa 


-asrov 


-aVov 


-ae<fov 


aVov 


-aarov 




-aoffcsv 


-WfASV 


-aojuisv 


-w/xsv 


-OWfASV 


-ww/xsv 


-asrs 


-are 


-asrs 


-ars 


-aars 




-aoutfi 


-wrfi 


-aoufl'j 
Subjunctive. 


-Wtfl 


-owtfi 


-wwCi 


-aw 


-w 


-aw 


-w 


-6w 


-WW 


-CLJIS 


-as 


-ajjg 


-owjtfSa 






-OLJ) 


-a 


-ajj 


-oMjtfi 






-owjrov 


-aVov 


-owjrov 








-awjxsv 


-WfJLSV 


-aw/wsv 


-UjUt>£V 






-avjrs 


-are 


-anjTg 








-awtfi 


-wCi 


•awCi 




-wtf* 











VERBA PUR^ 










Optative. 






Full form. 


Attic. 




Homeric 


S. TJ|X 


-aoifw 


-CpfJM 


-aoijuu 


-qp* 




-aois 


-§S 


-aois 


-%4 




-aoi 


"9 


-aoi 


-c5 


D. 


-aoirov 


-&rov 


-aoirov 






.aoj'<r*]v 


-WTT]V 


-ooiVtjv 




P. 


-ao»|ULSv 


-tyfASV 


-aoiju-sv 






-aWs 


-tors 


-aoirs 


-<3rs 




-aoisv 


-cSsv 


-aoisv 


-£jSv 



63 



S. Tl'jX 

D. 
P. 



Imperative. 



-as 

-asVw 

-asrov 

-asrwv 

-asrs 



'OL 

-aVov 
-arwv 
-ars 



•as 

-as'ru 

-asrov 

-as'rwv 

-asrs 



-a 

-arw" 
-aVov 
-araip 
-are 



-asrwrfav arwrfav 



-asVwtfav -arwrfav 
Infinitive. 



■OGJf/,1 



-owrov 

-OWfASV 

-OWTS 

-0W£V 



tjjui 


-asiv 


-txv 


-asiv 
Participle. 


-av 


-aav 




TIfX. 


-auv 


-wv 


-awv 


-wv 


-o'wv 






-astfa 


-wtfa 


-a* (fa 


-wtfa 


-wwtfa 


-awtfa 




-aov 


-6JV 


-aov 


-wv 







Indicative Imperf. 



S. srif 


a -aov 


-wv 


-aov 


-wv 




-owv 




-ass 


-ag 


-asg 


-as 




-aas 




-as 


-a 


-as 


-a 




-aa 


D. 


-asrov 


-aVov 


-asrov 


-aVov 




-aarov 




-asV*]v 


-arqv 


-asVrjv 


-a<r»)v 




-aaryjv 


P. 


-aojxsv 


-WfASV 


-aojxsv 


-WfJISV 




-owjuosv 




-asrs 


-are 


-asrs 


-ars 




-aars 




-aov 


-wv 


-aov 


-wv 












Also 1 


. -atfxov 


-aatfxov 2. 










3 Plur. 


-ov 



*3. 



64 



VERBA PX7RA. 



Verba Pura in -ow. 
Indicat. Prms. 



Full form. 


Attic. 


Homeric 


. 


S. 6yfK 


-o'w 


-w 


-OW 


-w 




-0£»5 


-ofg 


•6eig 


-oTg 




-0£l 


-or 


-0£« 


-oT 


D. 


-0&T0V 


-0UT0V 


-0ST0V 


-oDVov 


P. 


-6o(X£V 


-0UfA£V 


-00/XSV 


-OUfXSV 




-osrs 


-OUTS 


-O'STS 


-OUTS 




-OOlltfj 


-outfi 


-ooutfi 





Subjunctive, 



S. dr)> 


b -ow 


-W 


-OW 






•oys 


-o& 


~fye 


-owJ'da 




-or, 


-or 


-oj7 


-Oil (ft 


D. 


-OTJTOV 


-WT0V 


-orjrov 




P. 


-OWfJl/SV 


-SfASV 


-o'wfj-sv 






-6»]T£ 


-WTS 


-OirjTS 






-OOjtfj 


-WO*! 


-0W(fl 





Optative. 



S. or)X 


-OOlfAl 


-Olflil 


-OOI/XI 






-o'ois 


-oifc 


-o'ojs 






-001 


-oT 


-001 




D. 


-6oi<rov 


-O/TOV 


-OOITOV 






-00 ITT) V 


-OlVlflV 


-00»V*)V 




P. 


-ooi/xsv 


-Olf/,£V 


-00I/XSV 






-6oi<rs 


-o^rs 


-OOITS 






-OOISV 


-orsv 

Imperative. 


-OOI£V 




S. &>X 


-OS 


-a 


-0£ 


-a 




-osVw 


-kru 


-osVw 


-kru 


D. 


-osrov 


-Srov 


-OSTOV 


-Stov 




-osVwv 


-&<rwv 


-0£TWV 


-stwv 


P. 


-OSTS 


-Srs 


-OETS 


-2ts 




.ofiVwCav 


-xrwtfav 


-ogVwtfav 


-xrwd'av 



<5r]X 



■o'Siv 



Infinitive. 



-*V 



-0£»V 









VERB/ 


L PURA. 










Participle. 






Full form, 


Attic, 




Homeric. 




Sn\ 


-o'&JV 


-&v 


-owv 








-ooytfa 


-oCo'a 


-dourfa 








-oov 


-ouv 


-oov 
Imperf. 




s. 


itojk 


-oov 


-ouv 


-oov 








-0££ 


-OU£ 


-0S£ 


-OU£ 






-OS 


-ou 


-OS 


-OU 


D, 




-OSTOV 


-oDVoV 


-o'srov 


-oOYov 






-osVqv 


.OUTTJV 


-OS<T»]V 


-OUTVJV 


P. 




-o'o/xsv 


-OUjXSV 


-o'ojXSV 


-OU/XSV 






-OSTS 


-OUTS 


-OSTS 


-OUTS 






-oov 


-OUV 


-OOV 


-OUV 



65 



Note. Many forms of the verb in -ow, which occur in Ho- 
mer, made by protracting o before the Ultimate or Penultimate, 
have been omitted by the Author ; regarding them perhaps, as 
examples of that poetical license, which shortens or lengthens a 
syllable at pleasure to accommodate the form to the measure of 
the verse. Examples of such forms, both in the Act. and Pass., 
are i^wovra, II. 18. 372. i^wovrai, II. 8. 543. vtfvuovrug, H. 
24. 344. Od. 5. 48. x^ 5 ™'* D« 20. 29. x" So > 0d - 5 - 2i5 - X^s™, 
II. 21.306. Juovto, II. 11. 50. tfXwo.ev, Od. 5. 240, &c. (IV.) 

§ 35. Passive. 

Verba Pura in -eo^ai. 



S. 9»X 



I), 



P. 



S, q?iX 



-so/xaj 


-s/xa» 


-sojxai 


-eujaai 


-fy 


-£ 


-(S'SCU) -g'lj 


-gfaj 


-s'sflrai 


-slVai 


-e'srai 


.BlTOLl 


-go'jxsSov 


-s/xeSov 


-sujias^ov 


-so'/xstfSov 


-&tf&ov 


-ertf^ov 


-s'etfSov 


-srrf^ov 


-eofxs&a 


-xfxsSa 


-sufJosSa 


-so'jXStfSa 


.sWSs 


-slffSs 


-t'gtfSs 


-sfoSs 


-sovras • 


-2vra< 


-sov-rai 


-=uvra» 




Subjunctive. 





-ecu 



sUf*a» 



-WfAffl 



-£, 



WjUUV 



66 




VERBA PUKA. 




Full form. 


Attic. 


Ho 




-fy 


■v 


-e'yjai 




£r\rcu 


-r\TOH 


-S7]TaJ 


D. 


-sw/xsSov 


-WfAg^OV 


-gW{Jt,g0OV 




-g'rjtfdov 


-Yj(f&0V 


-g'yjcT^ov 


P. 


-sw/xs^a 


-w/xsSa 


-swfjtg^a 




-iri&s 


-^tfSg 


-gV&s 




-swvraj 


.wvrai 


-£uv<rcu 


S. <p«X 


-gO»'fJW]V 


-OlfJt-TJV 


-so/^v 




-g'oJO 


-oro 


-ioio 




-SOITO 


-ofro 


-SOJTO 


D. 


-gOl'fAgSoV 


-oijuis&ov 


-So/|X?Srov 




-gW&ov 


-ortf^ov 


-eWSov 




-SoiVStriv 


-Oltf^V 


-sojtfSriv 


P. 


-soijxs^roe 


-oijxs^a 


-goif/ogSra 




-ioitf&s 


-ortf^s 


-g'oitf&s 



-gon/ro 



Imperative. 



s. 


<piX 


-sou 


-.00 




-gu -gfo (ai<5 


sib 11. 24. 5 






-sitf&w 


-efcftw 




-ss'tfSw 


-gitfSw 


D. 




-s'gffSov 


-errfSov 




-g'stf9rov 


-grrf^ov 






-gg'tf^wv 


-sjtfSwv 




-Ss'tfSwv 


-gjtfSwv 


P. 




-e'stf&s 
-ggVSwo'av 


.grtf$g 

-gjtfSojtfav 




-g'grf^g 
-gstf&wfl'av 


-g^g 

-gj'a'Swa'av 








Infinitive. 








<p»X 


-s'sfl'&ai 


•suftai 




•g'gtfSrou 


-grrfSras 








Participle 








<piX 


-SOfXSVOff 


-SfAgVOg 




-go'/xgvog 


-gufAgvos 








Indicat. 


Imperf. 


* 


S. 


IqjiX 


.go/xiqv 
•sou 


-SJUWJV 

-00 




-Sop]V 

(fifio) 


-SUjJI/TIV 
-gK) 






-SSTO 


-giro 




-gj<ro 


-gjgro 


P. 




.s6/*s9tov 
-g'stfSov 


-S/Xg^OV 

-gfffSov 




-Sl)(XgSoV 

-s'gtfSov 


-gfoSov 






-SgV&9]V 


-SiV^yjv 




-gg'tf^v • 


-gjtfSriv 



VERBA PURA. 



67 



P. 



Full form. 

-e'ovro 



Attic. 

-&/xs0a 



Homeric. 

-so'fxsSa -sujxsda 

-eWo -suvro 



Verba Pura in -aojxai. 



S. fl-ifA 



D. 



S. TI(X 



P. 



-aojxou 

• 0,7} 

-asTai 

-ao/xs0ov 

-astfSov 

-ao'jxeSa 

-astf&s 

-aovraj 



-aw/xai 

-awfXsSov 

-a*]tfSov 

-awjxsSa 



Indicat. Prces. 



-wjxa< 

-a 

-arai 

-W/XS0OV 

-atfSov 
-wjasda 
-atfSs 
-wvrai 



-WJXOCJ 

-a 
-a<ra» 

•w/xs0ov 
-afl'Sov 
-w/xsSa 
-atfSs 



-ao(xa» 

-asa« 

-asrai 

-ao/xs0ov 

-astfSov 

-ao/xsSa 

-astfSs 

-aovrai 

Subjunctive. 

-awjxai 

-awjxsdov 
-awjxeSa 



-wf/,e/3ov 

-atfSov 

-w/xsSa 

-atf&s 

-wvrai 



-w/xai 



-aatfSov 



-aaa'Ss 
-o'wvrai 



S. TJ/X 



D. 



-aoifjwjv 

-aoio 

-aoiTo 

-aojjxsSrov 

-aoitfScv 

-aoitf^v 

-ao»(xsSa 

-aoitfSs 



». fifx -aou 

-ae'tf^w 
D. -astfSov 



Optative. 

-UfAYJV -ao/|X7]V -WfXYJV 

-wo -ao«o -wo 

-wto -aoiro -wro 

-w/xsSov -aoifJwjSov -w/xeS. 

-wtfSov -aoitfSov -wtfS. 

-wtf^v -aoifl'Si'jv -^rf&. 

-yjxeSa -aoj/xsSa -wjxsS. 

-wa'Se -aoitfSs -kjtfS, 

-wvro -aoivro -wvro -ware 

-w (aso) *S0 -w 

-atf^w -aitfSw -atfSw 

-atfSov -aitf^ov -atfSov 



•oi^xqv 

-a wo 

6*wro 

OWJXS&. 

owtfS. 
owrfS. 

0^|X5&. 

o'wtfS. 

/ 

-0WVTO 



-ow 
•aatfSc* 
■aaa'&ov 



68 





VERBA PUKA. 






Full form. 


Attic. 


Homeric. 


• 


-asVSwv 


-atfSwv 


-astfSwv 




-atfSrwv 


-astfSs 


-atfSs 


-astfSs 


-arfSe 


-aaffSff 


-astfSwtfav 


-ao'Swc'av 


-as'tfSwa'av 




-atfSwfl'av 




Infinitive. 






TifA -ae^ai 


-atfSa* 


-asffSai 


-atfSou 


-aaa'Sai 




Participle. 






n/* -ao'jxsvog 


-W(X£V0£ 


Imperf. 


-WfASVOg 


•OW/WVOg 


faiy* -ao/XTjv 


.wjxrjv 


-aofjwiv 


-6|X7]v 


■06J/XY]V 


aou 


-w 


(aso) 






-asro 


-aro 


-asro 


-aro 


-aa<ro 


-ao/xsSov 


-w/xsSov 


-ao/xsdov 


-w/xs$. 


-OWJXS0. 


-astf^ov 


-atfSov 


-astfSov 


-atfSov 


-aatfSov 


-astfSfyv 


-atfSrjv 


-asC^v 


-atfS*]V 


-aatf^^v 


-aofjis^a 


-a)/xs5a 


-ao/xs$a 


-wjxsSa 


-owjxs&a 


-astfSs 


-atfSs 


-astfSs 


-atfSs 


-aatf^s 



-aovro 



■aowo 



■owvro 



D. 



-osrai 

•oofxsdov 

-ostfdov 

-so/xsfla 

-ostfds 

-oovtcu 



-6*]<rai 

-OOJ/XS0OV 

-owfisfla 



D. 



P. 



Verba Pura in -oofjcai. 
IndicaL Prces. 

•or 

.s/xsda 
-Svrai 



Subjunctive 



-w/xs^ov 

-wa7)ov 

-wjtsfla 



•oo/xai 


-sfxa* 


osai 


-OJJ 


-ds<ra» 


-Srai 


-oofAsSror 


-S/xsdov 


-ostf^ov 


-Stfdov 


-oojxsda 


-S/xs^a 


-ostfds 


-Stfds 


-oovca* 


-Svrai 


-ooj/xai 




-o?i 




-6»]Tai 




-OWjt*S0OV 




-Ol)tf0OV 




-owjJtsOa 









VERBA PURA 






Full form. 


Attic. 




Homeric. 






-oijtffle 


.a<f&s 




-oydds 






-ocovrar 


-wvrai 




-owvrai 








Optative. 






S. JqX 


-00l/X»]V 


-o/fArjv 




-ooifxrjv 






-OOJO 


.on) 




-0010 






-00JTO 


-or<ro 




-OOJTO 




D. 


•ooi(/-s0ov 


-o»|X£5ov 




-oo»f*Pdov 






-o'oitfdov 


-ortf^ov 




-0010'doV 






-ooitfd*]v 


-oiVdrjv 




-OOlV^V 




P. 


-oofjAsda 


-oifAS^a 




-oo»jxs0a 






-ooiddt 


-0^5 




-ooitfde 






-001VTO 


-oJWo 




-00JVT0 








Imperative 






S. <fyX 


•oou 


-2 




(of©) 






-osVdw 


-xtfdw 




-osrfflw 


.ktf&w 


D. 


-oWdov 


-Sa'dov 




-ostfdov 


-Stfdov 




•osddw 


-atf^wv 




-os'tfdwv 


-atfAwv 


P. 


•6e<f6s 


-Ms 




-oetfds 


-Stfdi 




-osVdwo'av 


-sfl^Gjtfav 




-ostfdwff'av 


.&o v 0wa'av 






Infinitive. 






<3rjX 


-ostfdai 


•xtfQcu 




-ostfdai 


-Stfdai 






Participle. 






<fy\ 


-oofjosyos 


.kixsv<£ 




-OOfASVOS 


-£(ASVO£ 






Indicat. 


Imperf. 




S. *<fyX 


-OOf/.Y]V 


-&|XK]V 




-oo/xyjv 


-s/xyjv 




-OOU 


-2 




(0S0) 






-OSTO 


-Sto 




-0£T0 


-2<ro 


D. 


-oo/xeflov 


-8j*Sfl0V 




-OOjXS^OV 


.&JU.S0OV 




-ostfdov 


-Stfdov 




-6s(rt)ov 


-stfdov 




-os'rf^v 


-atfdijv 




-OSVdlflV 


-atf^v 


P. 


-oo'fxs^a 


-K^s^a 




-oo'/xsda 


-kps&a 




-o'ftffls 


-Stffo 




-oerffle 


-xtfde 




-OOVTO 


-Svro 




•OOVTO 


-Svro 



69 



CONJUGATION OF VERBS 

WITHOUT MOOD-VOWELS. 

§ 36. Conjugation of the Aorr. Passive.. 

We come now to the Conjugation without Mood-vowels, so called, 
because, from the failure of the Mood-vowels, almost all the devia- 
tions from the general rule, in the preceding Paradigm, are to be 
explained. This Paradigm, arranged according to an arbitrary clas- 
sification, can with difficulty be remembered ; but, when its princi- 
ples are developed and explained, it is understood in a very short 
time, and deeply impressed on the memory. To commence with 
the Aorr. of the Pass, which the Paradigm presented in § 29 has 
anticipated. If we compare the Ind. sVufpStyv with the Opt. <rup- 
dsfyv, and irurtY\v with Tutfsfyv, it is obvious that the Ground-forms 
of the Tenses are Tupds and tuts, to which, in order to form the 
Aorr., the Terminations of the Secondary tenses of the Act. are 
subjoined, viz. Sing. 1. -v 2. -tf 3. — Dual 1. -f*sv. 2. -<rov 3. -t»jv 
Plur. 1. -fxsv 2. -re 3. -tfav. These terminations, incase the Mood- 
vowel fails, are annexed immediately to the Ground-form, which, 
in the Indicat. Imperat. and Infin., lengthens the final vowel, e. g. 
frvtpQriv — sVetyfoitfav from rvcp&s ; !g*jv — ggnjtfav from £a. Observe 
first the conjugation. 

Indicat. Subjunct. 

-w/xsv Sjtov 5j<rov 
-rjjxev rjTS ijCav ' { -Wf/.sv 5j<re wtfi 

Optative. Imperat. 

Infin. Particip. 

<ru<pS S ™P a ) 

The Subjunct. has its Mood-vowels, but is usually found in the 
contracted form ; e. g. rweiu tu-ttw, rvifsrjg wfiyis ; ^sw (from &§) 
&s'ijs %, Sw Sjfc &JI, in Homer Sslw Ssfys &efy with the protracted 
s, as in <p»Xs(w.sfys, &c. 






AOKR. PASSIVE. 



71 



The Optat. takes after the Ground-form an i, and subjoins the 
terminations of the Indicat., viz. 1. -tjv 2. -r\s 3. -»!• Dual. 1. -^ju.sv 
2. -*)<rov 3. -rjTTjv. Plur. 1. -^sv 2. -ijts 3. -qtfav ; e. g. <ru<p0s-i-7]v 
Tu(p^£»7]v, <nde — Tids'tYiv, 6s — Qsiyv, <fra — (f<ra«V, &c. 

The Imperative has the terminations of the Act., and in the 2. 
Sing, retains the fa which in the Act. is dropped ; e. g. Sing. 2. 
-fa 3. -<rw. Dual 2. -rov 3. -twv. Plur. 2. -rs 3. -rcotfav. In some 
few verbs, e. g. in (free (for^ai,) the vowel is lengthened, (tfradi) 
gSjdi ; in other cases, it is short, e. g. 8180 8iSofa, is Mi SsVw, &c. 

When another 6 precedes, the last is changed into the corres- 
ponding Tenuis or smooth mute, for the sake of euphony, e. g. 
rvcpQyfa rv<p&r\Ti f rt&sfa ri6sn. 

The Infinit. in -voc» has generally in other cases, the vowel pre- 
ceding the -vai short. In the Aorr. Pass., however, ru-rJjvai 
Xsp^Sjvou, and in <JV5jva«, &c. the vowel is long, but in ndivai 
Itfravai, &c. short. 

The terminations of the Participles are evidently -vrg.vr<fa.vrg. 
Hence, when the Ground-form is added, and the whole form re- 
duced, from TiKpdsvrs, rv(p&svr(fa, rvcpQsvrg, we obtain rvephig -s7<fa. 
-s'v. In the Neuter, rg is rejected to obtain a form differ- 
ent from the Masculine. In the same manner, 8o Sovrg, 8kg 
-Srfa -o'v ; flVa (frctvrg, (frag (fratfet, (frav ; dsixvu Ssixvuvrg, SsixvCg 
vtfa. uv. 



§ 37. The Active without Mood-vowels. 

The conjugation without Mood-vowels, which is also the origi- 
nal conjugation, has been preserved in the Verba Pura, commonly 
those with monosyllabic roots in -s-a-o, and in others of more than 
one syllable in u ; e. g. <pa <p'i{x», foixvu fcixvufju. In the uncultivat- 
ed dialects this was the case in Verba Pura of every kind ; e. g. 
Sjpaw o^fxi, (po^s'w (p6/3yjjxi, &c. Under this conjugation are in- 
cluded in the Act., the Praes. Imperf. and Aor. 2., and in the 
Pass., the Praes. Imperf. and Aor. 2. M. In addition to the re- 
marks in the preceding Paragraph, some few observations are 
here necessary. 

We employ the verbs <pa.w, Ssimv.uj, s-w, 56-gj, ds'-w, whose 
roots are <pa, 8sixw, <fra, I, 8o, Qs, Many of these are increased, 
in the Praes, and Imperf., by prefixing an i, which, when possible, 



72 CONJUGATION OF THE ACTIVE. 

is preceded by the first consonant of the root ; e. g. <?<ra, g, <5o, h ; 
itfra, Is, 8180, <ri&s, (not tfjtfra Aide.) 

1. Ptcbs. In the Sing, the terminations are irregular, 1. -jm, 
2. -g, 3. -tfi. The vowels are lengthened before these termina- 
tions ; e. g. qwi-fii, 5s»xvu-f*i, i'tfryj-juu, nj-fju, <5j<$:>-fj(.i, ri'4i)-fM -nj£ 
-*)tfi. The, conjugation then proceeds regularly through the re- 
maining perss. with the usual terminations, viz. Dual -jasv -tov -tov 
Plur. -fASv -ts -vrtfi ; e. g. <pa.jm.gv <pa-<ro'v (pa-To'v <pa«jxg'v ' <pa-rs 
(<pa-vrtfj) <pa<Ti. The 3 perss. Plur. are <pav<rtfj, 8erxmvr<ti f itfrav- 
<r<J7, IsvTtfi, Movrtfi, Tidsvnfr. From these original forms, the 
vt may be rejected, and then we have the common forms (pcctfi 
dsixvv&i itfracft jgftfj 8i8%<fi ci5sr</i. The Ionia.is and Attics re- 
ceived frequently in the 3 Plur. an a in place of v, as in <puyoja<ro 
for <pu^oivto. If, in the forms here under consideration, besides 
the reception of a for v, we reject the r before C, we have the 
Ionic- Attic forms, 8sixv{jadi \sa<fi SiSou&i rs&sacfi. 

Note. Many of the Verba Pura, with roots of more than one 
syllable, form this Praes. by subjoining -vvujju, e. g. tfg<raw tfg<ravv- 
upi, tfxsSaw tfxs£avvuf« ; Mutes and Liquids by the addition of -vup, 

e. g. OPgy-VUfX-J (JgJX-VU/XJ o/y.vujxi. 

2. Imperf. and Aor. Both tenses have the terminations of the 
Aorr. Pass., but the vowels are lengthened only in the Singular. 
The difference between these two tenses consists only in this, that 
the Imperf. is formed by the aid of the prefixes -i -8i -<n ; the 
Aor., however, is formed from the unaltered root ; e. g. Imperf. 
I'tfmjv, from \dra ; Aor. etfrnv, from tf<ra ; Imperf. £8i8uv 9 from 
8iSo ; Aor. I'tfwv, from 8o. The prefix, _herefore, distinguishes 
the Imperf. from the Aor. When this fails, as in qwjfjti, both tens- 
es cannot be formed. The conjugation is as follows ; 

Imperf. ididuv ) ^ > vt , , * 

r > -wg w JJ. -otov ot*iv r\ -o/xgv org oaav 

Aor. 2. s8uv > 

Note 1. Many verba pura, which otherwise belong to the 
conjugation with the Mood-vowel, form also the Aor. 2. in this 
manner ; e. g. &J.w, s8vv — Uvdav ; /3aivw, from /3a, l/3ijv ; yiyvwrf- 
xw, from ^vo, syvwv. 

Note 2. That the Moods are formed in the manner described 
when treating of the Aorr. Pass., has been already hinted ; and 
here also, the prefix distinguishes between the Praes and Aor. 



CONJUGATION OF f HE PASSIVE- 73 

Subjunct. Optat. Imperat. Infin. Particip. 

Praes. <n'»w <r»Ssr/]v ti&sti r&ivou rjSrsj's 

Aor. 2. Su &s«|v (Sen) && (Ssvccj) &sivai Ssig 

Note 3. All the remaining tenses are formed, in the usual 
manner, from 1 the root, by the aid of the Mood-vowels ; e. g. do, 
Stxfu, 8£8uxa, &c. Irregular are, from T»&ijfjw, the Aor. 1 . Act. 
SSrpcu, M. iSfyxafjwiv, Perf. Act. r&sixu, Pass, rs'Ssj/xai, Plusqpf. 
Ji-sasffAKjv ; from 5i'5wf*i, Aor. 1 . Act. g'5wxa, M. s'&dxafx.yjv* 

§ 38. TAe Passive without Mood-vowels. 

The Pass, here has no peculiar terminations, but those merely 
of the Conjuga ton with Mood-vowels. But, as the terminations 
are subjoined immediately to the Ground-forms, the Conjugation 
proceeds with regularity, and calls for but few additional observa- 
tions. 1. This conjugation extends itself only to the Praes. and 
Imperf.j and in some verbs, to the Aorr. 2. M. The remaining 
tenses have the Mood-vowels, e. g. <n0s.jxou -tfou -<rai, &c. iriBi 
-ixr\v -tfo -to, &c. gds'fxvjv -do -to, &c. It must be understood here, 
also, that the Aor. can be found only where the prefixes i Si ti 
are admissible, which distinguish the Imperf. from the Aor. 

2. In the 2d. perss., the tf is generally retained ; it is dropped 
in some instances in t|ie Imperf. and in the Imperat., and frequent- 
ly in the Optat. ; e. g. from 'idrt\\km, Imperat. I'tfratfo, more fre- 
quently i'tfrw ; Optat. i<rraib, &c. 

3. The Subjunct. is found here also with the Mood-vowel and 
contracted ; e. g. tM- tai, cidufAai ; ridgjj, ti&yj ; ri&irpQU, t^toh. 
But in the contraction here there is this peculiarity, that oy be- 
comes w; and a»j, y\ ; e.g. <5»5oojfxai &<5w,uai, Sidoy 810$, SiSoyTctt 
rtiowra;, ioVarj Ftfryj. The same is true in the Act. 

4. Moreover, many of the Verba Pura follow the analogy of 
this conjugation in the Pass, only, and in the Act. have the regu- 
lar Mood-vowels ; e. g. rfsTU[Aat, t&tcl -y.au -Cot* -ra» ; 5vwy>a.i .(fat 
-Ton. In the same manner, xfijxai, 8i%riy.ai, oi/xai, Imperf. wjumjv, 
<fec. 

§ 39. Paradigm of the Active. 

The Homeric do not differ frequently from the common forms. 
In the Passive, if we except the frequent omission of the Augment 

JO 



74 



I'ARADIGM OF THE ACTIVE. 



and the uncontracted form of the Aor. Imperat. dso, tfuvdso, the 
common and Homeric forms coincide. 







Indicat. Prces. 




S. rtt 


-•yjf/,1 


Si8 -w|x« 


«V -*]fAI 




-Q1S Horn. *jtfda 


-wc H. oi£ oigfla 


•v\S 




-Vjtfl 


-Wtfl H. 01 


*1\<S\ 


D. 


-s/xsv 


.OfASV 


-aju-sv 




-STOV 


-0T0V 


-aTov 


P. 


-SfASV 


-OfASV 


-a/jt-sv 




-£T£ 


-OTS 


-aTS 




-srci 


-xtfi 
Subjunctive. 


-atfi 


S. Tld 


-w 


<5i<5 -w 


ig -w 




-?fc 


-$s 


-jfr 




•v 


-& 


~V 


D. 


-&JU.SV 


-w/xsv 


-wfiev 




-3}T0V 


-WTOV 


-7JT0V 


P. 


-WJUt/SV 


-o3j*sv 


-wfASv 




-SjTS 


-WTS 


-$J<F8 




-Wtfl 


-OJtfl 

Optative. 


-Wtfl 


S. T.d 


-felljV 


did -oitjv 


fe -aitjv 




-6ft|S 


-0l*]g 


-aiTjg 




-si*] 


-oil] 


-ang 


D. 


-ei'yjjiASv 


-oftifisv 


-aiVjju-sv H. aijxsv 




-Sf*JT0V 


-oitjtov 


-ai>]Tov 




-£l»JT7]V 


-OIVJTIQV 


-ai^Tijv 




-sirjfxev 


-oitjfxsv 


-airj(Jisv H. -aijxsv 




-8i'yj<rs 


-oirjTS H. -o*rs 


-anqTS - airs 




-ssrjtfav 


-onitfav -olky 
Imperative. 


-afjjtfav -afsv 


Tld 


-6TI 


oid -o&i H. -wdi 


fe -adi H. -*] -a 




-STW, &C. 


-OTW, &C. 

Infinitive. 


-ano, &c. 


Tld 


-s'vai H. -^jxsvai 


8i5 -ovai H. -Svai 


fe -avai H. -a/xsvai 



Tl# -SIC 



Participle. 

8\8 ~kc 



is -a£ 



PARADIGM OP THE ACTIVE. 75 



S. hit 



D. 



P. 



S. Id 



D. 





Indicat. Imperf. 




-yjv 


s8l6 -wv 




i'flV -yjv 


-*)S 


-«S 




-IS 


-t\ H. -s» -w H. 


ou 


-rj H. -atfxs 


-SfXSV 


-0|W£V 




-a/xsv 


-STOV 


-0T0V 




-arov 


-ST7)V 


-orrjv 




-ar^v 


-SfASV 


-ojAsy 




-a/xsv 


-£<T£ 


-OTS 




-a<rs 


-stfav 


-orfav 




-atfav 




Indicat. Aor. 2. 




-*JV 


M -wv H 


. <Wxov 


fc -*JV 


~*IS 


•us 




-TO 


--/J 


. -w 


(Jotfxs" 


-I 


-£/xev 


-OffcSV 




-*]J*gU 


-sVov 


-0T0V 




-01TOV 


-sVajv 


-o<rr]u 




-4JTHJV 


-Sf/-£V 


-0|X£V 




-7)fA€V 


-STS 


-ors 




-rjrs 


-stfav H. 


dstftfav -otfav 




-fjtfav 



P. 



Subjunctive. 

S. Sr -W H. -EJW 5 -W g -w 

"$$ -§[% -96 -jfe H. ->J7fc 

-»j -£r/) -9 H. -wijtfi -ytf/ -w»j -^ -4jt} [jasv 

D. -W/X6V -SlOfibSV -EUfJkSV, &C. -OJfA£V -WO/XSV, &C. -Wf/<£V -SlofASV -g«- 

3. PI. -wtfi 3 PI. -wtTi -ww(fi 3 PI. -wtfi 

H. Plur. H. Plur. 

5 -£lVj &C. 1. -£»fJl£V 5 -0(7]V, &C. 1. -or|X£V £ -0U7)V, &C. 

2. -SITS 2. -0»T£ 

3 PI. -gfytfav 3. -s»£v 3 PI. -ofytfav 3. -ofgv 3 PI. -afytfav H. -a^v 

Imperative. 

6 -is S -6s S -yfa 

-gVw, &C. -OTW, &C -r)TU, &C. 



76 



PAKAUIG31 OF THE r'ASSIVK. 



Infinitive. 
6 -su/ai H. -i^isvcci -sfAev 8 -Svat H. -ofxevou -ojxsv £ -»jvaj H. -rjfxsvat 



6 -sig 



Participle. 

8 -ovg 



6 -ac 



§ 40. Paradigm of the Passive. 
Indicative Prces. 



s. 


rl6 -Sjwai 


jtf 


-ojwaj 


i? -ajaat 




-stfai 




-otfaj 


-atfou 




-s<ra» 




-o<rai 


-arai 


D. 


-s^s6ov 




-6/xedov 


-a/xs^ov 




-stf&ov 




-otfdov 


-atftfov 


P. 


-s>s0a H. 


-gf*erffla 


-6fjt,sda 


-ajjusda 




-s<f&s 




-otfds 


-a<f&s 




-sv<rai 




-ov<rai 


-avrai 






Subjunctive. 




S. 


rid -wfAai 


8i8 


-ojfjt-a» 


ig -w/xai 




-s 




-w 


-fl 




-^<ra» 




-w-rai 


-Sjrai 


D. 


-wjxsdov 




-wfAsdov 


-WfAsdoV 




-Sjtfdov 




-wtfdov 


-Tjtf^OV 


P. 


-wfxefla 




-wfjtgfla 


-wjwsda 




-Tjtfds 




-wtffls 


-Sjtfds 




-wvrai 




-wvrai 
Optative. 


-wvrai 


S. 


rid -E»jU(.»)v 


818 


-OlfXVJV 


j£ -cu'fjwjv 




-sio 




-oib 


-aro 




-sTro 




-or<ro 


-aPro 


D. 


-sijxsdov 




-o»'/xs0ov 


-aifxedov 




-giiflJov 




-or^ov 


-ar<J$ov 




-s/tfdqv 




. -OlV^V 


-aitf^v 


P- 


-sifASda 




-otjxsda 


-aiiisQo, 




-srtfds 




-o&ds 


-aftfds 



PARADIGM OF THE PASSIVE. 77 







Imperative. 








T»S -£0*0 (ou) 


818 -oCo (ou) 


fe 


-atfo (w) 




-e'tf&w, &c. 


-otf&w, &c. 
Infinitive. 




-atf&w, &c 




ti^t -gtfSa; 


8i8 -oo'Sca 

Participle. 


ft 


.atfSraj 




TlS -£|X6V0g H. 


-^fASVOg &<5 -OfASVOg- 


u 


-a^gvog 






Indicative Imperf. 




s. 


irfo -s/ur\v 


£8i8 .o/x»]v 


k 


-ajuurjv 




-stfo (ou) 


-otfo (ou) 




-atfo (w) 




-ggro 


-0TO 




-aro 


D. 


-SjUdsSov 


-OfAgSoV 




-a/xg^ov 




-gtfSov 


-otf&ov 




-atfSo* 




-srf^v 


-otfSyjv 




-atf^v 


P. 


-8(xs&a 


-o'fAS^a 




-afxg^a 




-stfSs 


-otfSg 




-atfSg 




-£VT0 


-OVTO 

Indicat. Aor. 


2. 


-avTo 


S. 


-srfo (ou) 

-sro 


£6 -Of/»?]V 

-otfo (ou) 

-OTO 






D. 


-g^SoV 

-gtfSov 


-OfJUS^OV 

-otf^ov 

-o'fl#»JV 






P. 


-£jx£0a 
-£tfds 

-£vro 


-6/xg0a 
-oC0g 

-OVTO 

Subjunctive. 






S. 


& -w/xa» 
-J 

-WfAS^OV, < 


8 -wjuuxj 
-w 

-w<ra» 
fee. -wfAgflov, &c. 






3 PI. -wvrou 


3 PI. -wvra» 







♦ ■ 

78 DECLENSIONS AND PRONOUNS. 

Optative. 

& -?i'fM]v, &c. 3 PI. -sivro 5 .oi/xvjv, &c. 3 PI. -oiWo 

g -aifjwjv, &c. 3 PI. -aim 

Imperative. 

S -sCo -2 H. -so $ .orfo -S 

-eflflw, &c. .otfSu, &c. 

Infinit. and Particip. 



SMALLER PARADIGMS 

FROM HOMER. 

§41. Declensions and Pronouns. 

The Paradigms of the Declensions are intended to exhibit the 
forms of Nouns in Homer, although the forms of the particular 
Nouns here employed may not be found, some of which are evi- 
dently inconsistent with the measure of the verse ; e. g. avs^s 
avgjxocpiv. 



S. vi\tAi 




ai'xpirqg a 


Tif*5jg 5jq>i 




aiXM™ ao w 


* T»f//j? fjcpi 




ai^(xr]T*] 


TlfATjV 




aipflJW)T?JV 


T'lfJtflJ 




ai^jxnjra 


D. TJ/JUX 




aJpfljwjra 


rifAaiv 




a/'^fA'/jrarv 


P. <n|jt<a» 




aipfljwjrai 


T*/xawv s'wv 


wv 


a/^TjTawv swv 


T^fjcd fg 


afcf 


a/xM^tfj fis 


Ti^ag 




alxwr&s 



* Dat. £<r^apo^tv Od. 5. 59. for coga??. ( Tr.) 
t 0m<; Od. 5. 119. dKrats II. 13. 884. 



DECLENSIONS AND PRONOUNS. 



79 



II. 



S. avs^og 




Fo: 


mis ot uiog adde 


d from tr 


ie lir. § l»i>. (/i'r.) 


dvs/xou 


0J0 


0(pJV 




Sing. 




dvg'/XW 


o<p»v 




N. v\6g 






avsjxov 


0(pJV 




G. uiou 


vlog 


uis'og 


aveps 


o? 




D. 


uii 


uis'i v)s7 


D. dvs/xw 






Ac. uiov 


ula 


uis'a 


dvsjmoiv 


o'iiv 






Dual. 




P. avs|U,oi 






N. Ac. 


U<£ 




dvg'jutiwv 








Plur. 




* dvijxoitfj 


015 


o<piv 


N. 


UlSg 


piisg ufsTg 


dvs'fAous 






G. uiwv 
D. ulorCiv 


ulacfj 


uisojv 








Ac. vUvg 


ufag 


•Simg 








V. 


ulsg 


ulsTg 








III. 






S. Xs'wv 






-TSi^oc; 




#oX»s 


Xsovros 






TEl'^SOg £\)<f(pl 


ctfcpi 


<jtoX»os sog *]og 


Xsovri 






TSi-^s'i rji etf^l 


1 


tfoXsi si' rjV 


Xsovra 






rsrgog 




iroXiv 


Xs'ov 






™X°$ 




"TToXl 


D. Xsovre 






tsj'^ss 




toXis 


Xsovtojv 






TSl^c'ojV 




tfoXio»v 


P. "ksovreg 






rsrjgfflx 




tfoXlSg *]e£ 


Xsovrwv 






•rsi^swv sdyi 




tfoXs'cov 


XeovTStftfi XsW* 


TSi^Stftfl stfj J 


sflpl 


tfoXietfa'j 


Xsovraj 






Tsl^sa 




-nroXiag gig >]ag 


Forms of 


xdg*] 


added from the Gr. § 197. (IV.) 


N. 

G. xgarog 






Sing. 






xgolretfopi 


xL^., 


\/r* fin^r**'**- 




D. *£a<ri 






xgaan xapqn 


xa^arj 


Ac. xgdra 






xagt) 





of£«0u; for etrrcwu Od. 12. 45. (Tr.) 



80 

N. — - 
G. x|arwv 
D. xgurfi 
Ac. 



DECLENSIONS AND PKONOUJNd. 

Plur. 



N# sywv iy£) 
G. ipso ipsTo 

g/XgU fJUSU 

£ps&ev 

D. S^Oi JjU>( 

Ac. ipi ps 



N. 


(vw) 




vw'j'v VWi 


G. 


vwi'v 


D. 


vw/v 


Ac 


. vw 




vwf 


N. 


appsg 




(fates) faek 


G. 


faiuv fyxsiwv 


D. 


af/-fjijv a/xjU/i 




*JfJU*V >JjUL|V 




?fMV 


Ac 


af/.{jt,£ 




TjfAsag 




?fAag 



xcc^aroi, xagyva, 
xa^vwv 



xapwm 



tfp 



Pronouns. 






Sing. 






Tuvy] tfu 






tfs'o rfgib 


g'o gjo 




rfgy tfsu 


■ £u iu 




tfg'^gv tsoio 


§'4ev 




tfOJ TO J 


hi 01 OJ 




TS'lV 






tfg tfs 


£ 1 g's 

fjoiv 




Dual. 






tf<pw 






tfipwtv tf<p«j 






tffflW'/V 






tf(pWIV tftptoV 


tftpwYv 




Cipw 


tf<pw 




tf<pw'i 


tfpwg 




Plur. 






UjUbjxss 






(uf/igg) u/xgfe 






ufxg'wv ujuisiwv 


tfpg'wv 


(fcpsiuw 




<f<pgwv 


tftpwv 


UfJ.fJ.IV UfAfXJ 


fltyitfi -v 


tfcpid"* -v 


ufjkfv 


tf<piv 


tfqjiv 


UfJbJUbS 


<t<psag 


<t<pS0L& 


OfAgaj 


(fepcts 


tf<pg 



§ 42. sifjbl 5M?w, jRooi s -W. 
Those forms only of the following verbs, which occur in Ho- 
mer, are exhibited. 

Pr<Bs. Indicate 
Sing. 1. elfii 2. s'ig stioi 3. &0ri. Dual 3. sVVov, Plur. 1. sh 
fjii'v 2. sVtc 3. s/V» eW'. 



HOMEKIO FORMS'. 81 

Subjunctive. 

Sing, 1. £w slu in yarslu II. 23. 27. 2. sfyg 3. g'jitfi Jfrt'fy S»9 
2*1 ur. 3. £Wi w<fr. 

Optative. 

Sing. 1. si'njv 2. gfys soig 3. gfy goi. Plur. 2. sirs 3. sfev. 

Sing. 2. stfd' for I'tftfo Od. 3. 200. 3. %<t<ru* Plur. 2. g'srs 3. &«v. 

Infinitive and Participle. 
./fXiVai gj^fievai g/xgv sfi^gv s/vgcj — — goju #v 

imper/*ec£. 
Sing. 1. c'a ^a gov gtfxov 2. g-^a ^tf#a '3. sijv *}nv -qsv ?jv 
gVxff. Dual 3. ^rfTvjv. Plur. 1. ?fxsv 2. ?<r£ 3. sVav ^tfav s'/aro 
Od. 20. 106. 

Future Indicat. 

Sing. 1. stfojuiai gtftfo/xai 2. sVcai eV») sVtfsai 3. sVsrai gtfTcu 
cVtfsrai £<f<fe7rai. Dual. 3. grfgrfdov. Plur. 1. gVougtfda g<f tfo^gfla 
2. stfstfQe. 3. eVovrai g'tftfovrai. 

Infinit. and Particip. 

§ 43. 9^ i jRooi (pa -«, 

Prces. Indicat. 

Sing. 1. (pvjj^j 2. qp;^g 3. (prjtfi. Plur. 1. <pa{/,g'v 2. (pars 3. <patf/V 

Optative. 
Sing. 1. (pai'/jv 2. (panis 3. <par/j. Plur. 1. <paj/j,gv 
Infinit. (pavcu Particip. <p«£. 

Sing. 1. gq>ijv (p*jv gcpatfxov 2. sqjijs g<p»)tft)a (pr^ (pvjtfda Spatf. 
xsg 3. s<p*j <p/j gcpatfxg.* Plur. 1. <p<x/jt,gv 2. <pars 3. I^atfav g<p«v 
qjatfav (pav. 

* J—dixit. 11. 1. 219. (TO 
11 



82 HOMERIC FORMS. 

Some forms in the Mid. 

Imperf. Sing. 1. s'tpafjirjv <poepjv 2. (pao. 3. i'cparo (piiro. Plur. 

2. (patfde. 3. g^avro (pavro. 

Imperat. Sing. 2. <pao 3. (patf^w. Plur. 2. (patf^. 
Particip. cpa t usvo£. Infinit. <patf£«». 

§ 44. sffw co, JRoote s'-w i'-w s'/.w. 
Prces. Indicat. 
Sing. 1. effM 2. gftfda 3. sJtfi. Plur. 1. fy-sv 2. i're. 3. 'tact, 
Subjunctive. 

Sing. 1. i f w. 2. r/jtf^a 3. fytf* i'77. Plur. 1. jo/xsv fGjfMjv. 3. i'wtft. 
Optat. Sing. 3. i'o» snj. Imperat. Sing. 2. i'di 3. iVw. Plur. 2. 
its. Infinit. i/xsvaj i'^sv iVvai. Particip. iwv. 

/wiper/*. 
Sing. 1. ^'t'ov vjia, 2. ^'/eg is?. 3. Vjis ye Its pi the last some- 
times considered as a Plusqpf. Dual 3. iV*]v. Plur. 1. $ojji.sv 

3. r[iov litfuv vjitfow. 

Some Pass, or Mid. Forms. 

Praes. Indicat. 3 Plur. /Wat. Imperat. U<f8s. Particip. Hps. 
vos. Fut. M. Sing. 1. s'/tfojxai 3. s'/tfsra». Aor. 1. M. £i'rfa<ro 
ssia'ccro. Dual. 3. ssirfatf^v. rarticip. siVausves stfisitfafiiv?] II. 
21. 424. 

§ 45. sltfa ij[koafrom the root s -w. 

Indicat. Aor. Sing. 3. sTo'sv sltfg. Plur. 3. sltfav M. 3. Sing. 
slotfaTo. 

Imperat. Sing. 2. sltfov. M. s^stftfai Od. 15. 277. 

Infinit. Ifpsotfcu Od. 13. 274. Particip. s'tfas M. gpetftfafxsvcr 
Od. 16. 443. 

Perf. Pass. Sing. 1. t}\lcli 2. ?tfai 3. ?tf<rai. Plur. 1. %isda 2. 
^tf^c 3. sWou ^arai si'araj. 

Imperat. Sing. 2. ?tfo. Infin. ?tfda». Particip. fy^vos. 

Plusqpf. Sing. 1. tyup 2. ?<Tto. Dual 3. ^tfd»jv. Plur. 1. 
•fyxsOa 3. §'aro g'/aro rjv-ro. 



OP THE 

GREEK LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS. 

EXTRACTED FROM 

BUTTMANN'S AUSFUEHRLICHE GRAMMATIK. 
p. 1—9. 



1. The Greek Language (<pwv-/) IXX*jvix»j) anciently was not 
confined to Grooce, but was spread abroad over a considerable 
portion of Asia Minor, southern Italy, Sicily, and other regions 
where Greek colonies were established. Like all other langua- 
ges, the Greek had its different dialects, (&aXsxToi), all of which 
however may be reduced to two, the Doric (r\ <5o£»xrj, dog'ts,) and 
the Ionic (?j /wvix*?, las,) spoken originally by the two principal 
Greek tribes, the Dorians and the Ionians. 

2. The Doric tribe was the largest, and the parent of the great- 
est number of colonies. Thus the Doric dialect prevailed in the 
whole interior of Greece, in Italy, and in Sicily. Its sounds were 
harsh, and owing to the frequent recurrence of the long a, made 
an impression on the ear which the Greeks denominated crXewsu 
atff/,o£ (broad pronunciation.) As a whole it attained to a less de- 
gree of cultivation than the Ionic. The JEoYic (h a/oXix^, ai'oXi'g) 
was a branch of the Doric, and in the iEolic colonies in Asia Mi- 
nor, and in the neighbouring islands, (Lesbos, &c.,) attained at an 
early age to a considerable degree of refinement, which however 
was probably confined to poetrv. 



$4 GHEEJK LANGUAGE 

3. The principal residence of the Ionic tribe in the earliest 
fimes was Attica. From this region they sent forth their colonies 
to the shores of Asia Minor. As these colonies, earlier than the 
mother country, and indeed earlier than all the other Greeks, were 
in many respects cultivated and refined, the terms Ionians, Ionic, 
were used by way of eminence to denote them and their dialect, 
and finally were exclusively appropriated to them. The original 
Ionians in Attica were now called Attics, Athenians. The Ionic 
dialect, owing to the multiplicity of vowels, is the softest of afl. 
The Attic (^ d<rT»x*j, ctrSis), which was cultivated at a later peri- 
od, soon surpassed them all ; avoiding, by Attic skill and dexteri- 
ty, both the Doric roughness and the Ionic effeminacy. Although 
Attica was the mother country, the Ionic, even of those Asiatic co- 
lonies, is nevertheless regarded as the parent of the Attic, because 
the Ionic was cultivated at a period, when it had departed the 
least from the dialect of their common parent, the old Ionic. 

Note 1. The dexterity displayed by the Attics in the manage- 
ment of their dialect is most obvious in its syntax. Here the Attic 
dialect is distinguished, not only from the other dialects, but also 
from every other language, by an apposite brevity, by bringing 
together, With great effect, the principal points of interest, and by 
a moderation in asserting and judging, which passed from the po° 
lite tone of Society into the language itself. 

Note 2. Another circumstance which renders the Attic dialect 
so attractive, and which has been noticed by few, is its regard for 
peculiarity of idiom, and the love which the Athenians cherished 
for this and for distinct national characteristics in general. How- 
ever advantageous for the understanding, and congenial to the 
sense of beauty, a language may be, which proposes for itself a cor- 
rect logic, pursues a fixed and consistent analogy, and employs 
pleasing sounds, all these advantages are nevertheless lifeless and 
inefficient without the above mentioned charm. This consists 
in the sacrifice of fundamental laws, especially of logic and of ge- 
neral analogy, to peculiar forms or idioms, which have their origin 
partly in certain characteristics of the nation, and partly, beyond 
a doubt, in an apprehension of the fundamental rules not entirely 
conformed to that of the schools. In this manner anomalies 
had found their way into the Attic dialect, as is the case in al 
languages, in regard to which however the cultivated writers 



AND ITS DIALECTS. CH| 

were not disposed to make a change, out of regard for antiquity 
and for the ears of the people accustomed to such forms and ex- 
pressions, and, as we have already observed, from their love of 
that peculiarity of idiom which gives to their dialect an individual 
and distinct existence* When irregularities or anomalies mingle 
themselves with the daily idioms and expressions in other langua- 
ges, it is regarded as an indication of inaccuracy and want of skill • 
in the Attics, however, who are so skilful and dexterous, it is re- 
garded rather as an unwillingness to make the correction. They 
felt that by rejecting these anomalies they would deprive the lan- 
guage of the impress of a natural production, which every lan- 
guage really is, and would give it the appearance of a work of art, 
which a language never can be. Obviously therefore we cannot 
here be supposed to speak of intentional anomalies, by means of 
which a language receives the appearance of a mere plaything or 
toy, however ready the ancient Grammarians frequently were to 
advance such a mode of explanation. 

Note 3. Other branches of the above mentioned dialects, as 
the Boeotian, Laconian, Thessalian, &c. are known only from sin- 
gle words and forms, from scattered records, from inscriptions, &e. 

4. We must admit an ancient primitive Greek language as the 
common parent of all the dialects. Of this primitive language we 
can obtain, or more properly speaking, suppose, certain forms, on- 
ly by means of philological research under the guidance of phi- 
losophy. Every dialect has retained naturally more or less of this 
primitive language, and every one must also yet retain many forms, 
which in the others have passed into desuetude and been gradual- 
ly lost. This circumstance sufficiently explains how the Gramma- 
rians can speak of Doricisms, jEolicisms, and even Atticisms, in 
Homer, whose language was the old Ionic. In general, it was cus- 
tomary to designate forms and expressions by the name of the dia- 
lect in which they most frequently occurred, although not exclu- 
sively confined to this dialect. Thus we explain the Doricisms, 
as they are called, which occur in the Attic writers, and the Attic 
forms, met with in writers by no means Attic. 

5. To this same primitive language belong also, for the most 
part, the forms, &c. usually denominated poetical licenses. It is true 
indeed the poet contributes largely to the formation of a language. 
Through his efforts the language first becomes a harmonious, ex. 



pressive, and copious whole. But the poet will never assume, 
without regard to the previously existing materials and analogy of 
the language, the forms and expressions which he finds necessarv. 
This would he the surest way to displease. The oldest Greek po- 
ets made a selection from the various forms then actually in use, 
according to the exigences of the case. Many of these forms be. 
came obsolete in course of time. But the later poets, who had 
their ancient brethren constantly before their eyes as models, would 
not submit to be deprived of this treasure. Thus those forms 
which originally were in actual use, became in reality poetical pe- 
culiarities, or, as they are called, licenses. They are therefore, 
in such a case, with propriety, numbered among the dialects. 

Note 4. This however must not be so understood, as if every sin- 
gle word which occurs in the older poets, was once actually used 
in common life. The right which even the modern poets assume, in 
the most copious languages, of forming new words, and of mould- 
ing anew those already extant, must certainly be conceded to the 
ancient poets in those times of poverty. The materials, however, 
and the form, they did not assume of themselves. They were in- 
debted for these to the store-house itself, and the analogy of the 
language. It need scarcely be observed that the liberty of round- 
ing and polishing, to a certain degree, the forms in common use,, 
cannot be denied to those who must necessarily consult euphony, 
and who are fettered by the rules of metre. 

6. In most of the cultivated nations, one of their dialects usual- 
ly becomes the language of literature and of polished circles. In 
Greece, however, this was not immediately the case. Here there 
was no considerable cultivation or refinement until the several 
states, separated by local and political circumstances, assumed an 
independent existence. Poetry and prose therefore, until about 
the time of Alexander, were composed in the vernacular dialect 
of the authors, or in that to which they may have given the pre- 
ference. Thus were produced Ionic, J&olic, Doric, and Attic po- 
ets and prose writers, of whose productions more or less have 
descended to our times. 

Note 5. The great works of art alone, which attracted univer- 
sal attention, such as epic and dramatic poetry, were here an ex- 
ception. The original authors of these availed themselves, no 
doubt, of their vernacular dialect : but, for a later poet to attempt 



AKD ITS DIALECTS. 87 

a mere copy of the same in another dialect, would not only have 
required an equal degree of invention and talent, but would also 
have proved to no purpose, since the Greeks of every tribe or na- 
tion were already familiar with these forms and tones in this spe- 
cies of composition, and were unable to separate the one from the 
other. The dialect in which the first master-pieces were written, 
remained the appropriate dialect of that species. Vid. Text 10. 11. 
Note 6. To the Ionic dialect belong the most ancient poets, viz. 
Homer, Hesiod, Theognis, &c. who wrote in that apparently mix- 
ed dialect which approaches the nearest to the most ancient lan- 
guage of Greece, and which afterwards remained the poetical di- 
alect in most kinds of poetical composition. The proper, but 
younger Ionic is found in the prose writers, among whom Herodo- 
tus and Hippocrates were the most eminent, although both were 
native Dorians. For the Ionic dialect, on account of its peculiar 
softness and early cultivation, had already been extensively cir- 
culated, and employed both in poetry and prose, especially in 
Asia Minor. 

JSote 7. Lyric poets are met with in all the dialects. The 
most ancient and most celebrated, however, were jEolians. At 
the head of these stood Sappho and Alcaeus, of whose composi- 
tions, only a few fragmentary remains have escaped the ravages 
of time. Anacreon, of whom also are only a few, in part mutila- 
ted and in part doubtful, remains, wrote in the Ionic. Most of the 
remaining Lyric poets composed in the Doric, creating for them- 
selves, at pleasure, every one his own language, from the various 
forms of this widely extended dialect. Pindar is the only one of 
these last of whom any thing entire has reached us. 

Note 8. But few prose writers in the Doric dialect are extant, 
and those principally of a mathematical and philosophical nature. 
For the Attic writers see the following notes. 

7. In the mean time Athens had arisen to such political impor- 
tance as to assert a kind of supremacy in Greece, and was at the 
same time the focus of all scientific culture. Their unmixed de- 
mocracy secured to the exercise of eloquence and to the dramat- 
ic exhibitions, that freedom which, in connexion with other advan- 
tages, elevated to the highest pitch, not those branches alone of 
literature, but the other kindred pursuits also of history and phi- 



88 GREEK LANGUAGE 

losophy, and gave to the Attic dialect a perfection and a copious- 
ness which no other dialect attained. 

Note 9. The principal prose writers (of the poets we shall 
speak presently) of this golden age of Attic literature, are Thu- 
cydides, Xenophon, Plato, Isocrates, Demosthenes, and the other 
Orators. 

8. Greeks of every tribe and nation resorted now to Athens to 
receive instruction. In the most extended and cultivated fields of 
literature, the Attic master-pieces were proposed as models. In 
consequence of this, as soon as Greece became politically one un- 
der the Macedonian monarchy, the Attic dialect became, in a short 
time, the language of the court and of literature. The prose wri- 
ters of all Greece now composed almost exclusively in this dialect. 
From this time it was taught in the schools, and the Grammarians 
decided, from these models, what was pure Attic and what was not. 
The central point of this later Greek literature, was established 
under the Ptolemies at Alexandria in Egypt. 

9. The Attic dialect, at the same time that it was enjoying an 
universal reception, began, as we might expect, gradually to lose 
its original purity. Authors either mingled with the pure Attic, ma- 
ny peculiarities of their vernacular dialect, or exchanged many At- 
tic anomalies and apparently laboured expressions, for the more 
natural and regular forms. In some cases, a simple Attic form, 
which in common life had become more or less antiquated, was 
abandoned, and a form then in use introduced, e. g. v^gtf&ou for 
vsiv, a£o<r£iav for a^ouv. The Grammarians, frequently with ex- 
cessive pedantry, endeavoured to prevent this manifest decline. 
For objectionable, or at least, less elegant forms and expressions, 
they proposed others drawn from the older Attic writers. Hence 
it became customary to comprehend, under the term Attic, only 
what had been preserved from those classic Attics, and what in 
the strictest sense was peculiar to them. The language, however, 
formed in the manner above described from the Attic, and in use 
in cultivated society, was now denominated xoiv»j the common, or 
§XXy]v»x'/j the Greek or common Greek. Even the later authors 
themselves were now called oS xoivoj or oi "EW^vsg, in distinction 
from the genuine Attics. We must guard however against the no- 
tion, that this xojv^ ftaXswos was a peculiar and distinct dialect. 

LOI 



AND ITS DIALECTS. 89 

It remained always essentially Attic, and every grammar of the 
common Greek aimed principally to present the Attic dialect. 

Note 10. We can readily conceive that under such circumstan- 
ces, the terms xoivos, xojvo'v became even reproachful ; and al- 
though it denoted properly what was then common to all the 
Greeks, the Athenians themselves not excepted, it was employed 
by the Grammarians to designate what was not pure Attic. Every 
form however, which is called Attic, is not for this reason exclu- 
sively Attic, not even those in use among the Athenians themselves. 
Many genuine Attic forms were not received even in Athens to the 
exclusion of others, with which they were frequently interchanged 
in common use, e. g. <p»Xor>i with cpi'hoT, |6v with rfuv. Certain Ion- 
ic forms also had never become strange to the Attic ear, e. g. un- 
contracted in place of the contracted forms, of which the writers, 
who always consulted the ear, could avail themselves at pleasure. 
This approximation to the Ionic furnishes the principal test of the 
older Attic, taken in its stricter sense, to which for instance Thu- 
cydides belongs, as Demosthenes to the more modern Attic, which 
forms the transition to the later or xo»v^. 

Note 1 1 . To give an accurate and apposite classification, we 
should commence the later Attics or xoivovg with the first, who 
were not Athenians, who nevertheless wrote in the Attic dialect, 
and class with these the later writers who were really Athenians. 
To this class then belong Aristotle, Theophrastus, Apollodorus, Po- 
lybius, Diodorus, Plutarch, and the other later authors, among 
whom however, many, as for instance Lucian, ^Elian, and Arrian, 
endeavoured to adopt, as far as possible, the genuine ancient Attic. 

Note 12. The Macedonian dialect must be especially regarded 
among those which were in various degrees incorporated with the 
later Greek. The Macedonian nation was allied to the Greeks, 
and numbered itself with the Dorians. They introduced, as con- 
querors, the Greek cultivation and refinement among the conquer- 
ed barbarians. Here also, the Greek was spoken and written, not 
however without some peculiarities of form, which the Gramma- 
rians denominate Macedonian. As Egypt and its capital city Alex- 
andria became the principal seat of the later Greek culture, these 
forms were comprehended under the name of the Alexandrian di- 
alect. The natives also of these conquered countries, began to 
speak the Greek (SXX*|vi£giv), and such an Asiatic Greek was de» 

12 



90 GREEK LANGUAGE 

nominated IXXvjvioV^. Hence the style of the writers of this class, 
with which were incorporated many forms not Greek and many 
oriental turns of expression, was denominated Helenistic. It need 
scarcely be observed that this dialect is contained in the Jewish 
and Christian monuments of those times, especially in the Septua- 
gint and in the new Testament, whence it passed more or less in- 
to the works of the Fathers. New barbarisms of every kind were 
introduced during the middle ages, when Constantinople, the an- 
cient Byzantium, became the seat of the Greek Empire, and the 
centre of literary cultivation. Out of this arose the dialect of the 
Byzantine writers, and finally, the yet living language of the mo- 
dern Greeks. 

Note 13. To avoid all misunderstanding, we must here observe, 
that the ancient Grammarians, and many of the moderns who fol- 
lowed in their steps, employ the names of the dialects in general, 
as well as the term xojvo'v, without any regard to their true his- 
torical sense. This is especially the case, when they endeavour 
to explain etymologically and grammatically the forms and the va- 
rious inflexions of words, Thus they denominate the simple or 
natural Greek form, or what they deem to be such, xojv»j ; every 
other form, derived from this by means of any changes, in what- 
ever tribe or nation it may be found, or even if it be now for the 
first time assumed, they designate by the name of the dialect in 
which such changes usually take place. Every contraction, for in- 
stance, is denominated Attic ; every change of a into *j, Ionic ; &c. 
The gen. tfoXiog from tfoXjs is called common (xoivw?), although 
this form properly speaking was never in general use ; #6Xso£, 
Ionic, because the Ionians frequently introduced s for other vow- 
els ; voXsus however, Attic, because the forms in -<ag are so fa- 
miliar to the Attics. Whereas, in truth, regarding the matter his- 
torically, tfnXios belongs to the Ionic and Doric, eroXeog to the po- 
ets alone, and tfo'Xsws to the Attics and to all those who used the 
common dialect. Thus, according to them, a form must pass from 
some simpler one through several intermediate forms, each of 
which is referred to some dialect, although frequently no one of 
them was ever really in use. 

10. As to the general adoption of the Attic dialect, an excep- 
tion must be made in respect to certain species of poetry. The 
Attics were models onlv in the Drama. As dramatic poetry, from 



AND ITS DIALECTS. 91 

the circumstances of the case, can only be the language of com- 
mon life ennobled or elevated, the Attic dialect alone was of course 
admitted on the Athenian stage. It was afterwards adopted and 
retained by every theatre in Greece. The dramatic poets, in the 
dialogue, especially that consisting of Trimeters or Senarii, be- 
sides the free use of apostrophe and contraction, availed them- 
selves of but few of the so named poetical licenses and changes. 
Note 14. The comic writers, as might naturally be supposed, 
availed themselves of these licenses and changes the least of all ; 
on the contrary, to the Senarius of tragedy, many Homeric forms 
were always well adapted. Besides, in the dramatic department, 
only genuine and ancient Attics have been preserved, viz. the tra- 
gedians jEschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and the comic writer 
Aristophanes- 

11. In the other departments of poetry, especially those in which 
the Hexameter measure prevailed, viz. the epic, didactic, elegiac, 
Homer and the other ancient Ionic poets, who were read in the 
schools, continued always to be the models, and in this species of 
composition the old Ionic or Homeric language, with most of its 
peculiarities and antiquated forms, was still preserved. This dia- 
lect therefore, like the Attic in prose compositions, was appropri- 
ated to poetry of this class, in the Alexandrian and later ages. It 
was no longer understood by the unlettered, but required, in order 
to comprehend and enjoy it perfectly, a learned education. We 
may with propriety comprise all the forms, &c. connected with this 
species of poetry, under the name of the Epic Language, for they 
were all originally derived from the epic poetry. 

Note 15. The most celebrated poets belonging to this class are 
Apollonius, Callimachus, Aratus, and in later times, Oppian, Quin- 
tus, dec. 

12. The Doric dialect also was not excluded from the poetry 
of the later ages. It was met with in smaller pieces, especially in 
pastorals and sportive poems. This was in part owing to the ear- 
lier compositions of this kind in the Doric dialect which served as 
models, and in part to the circumstance, that the rustic idiom and 
the language of the lower conditions of society were essential to 
such compositions. This idiom and language, however, owing to 
the extent of the Doric tribe, was almost every where the Doric. 



92 GHEEK LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS. 

Note 16. The Idylls of Theocritus, Moschus and Bion, are 
composed in the Doric. This more modern Doric differs how- 
ever very much from the dialect of Pindar. The ancient Epigrams 
were sometimes Ionic and sometimes Doric. Here however the 
Doric was more simple and noble, and confined itself to a small 
number of characteristic forms, which were familiar to the culti- 
vated poet of every tribe. 

13. We have yet to observe that the language which prevails 
in the Lyric portion of the drama, i. e. the chorus and in the most 
pathetic addresses, has usually been styled Doric. But the Dori- 
cisms consist here in little more than the predominance of the long 
a, especially for % which was a characteristic of the older lan- 
guage, and owing to its dignity was retained in the more elevated 
and affecting pieces, while in common life it remained peculiar 
to the Doric* In the other respects this lyric dialect approxima- 
ted to the above-mentioned Epic language. 



* Vid. § 2. In these chorusses, however, genuine and peculiar Doricisms 
cannot be found, e. g. Infin. in -ev and -tjv, Accuss. Plur. in as and -oj, &c. 






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